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THE

FRIES REBELLION

1798-99

AN ARMED RESISTANCE TO THE HOUSE TAX LAW, PASSED BY CON-
GRESS, JULY 9, 1798, IN BUCKS AND NORTHAMPTON
COUNTIES, PENNSYLVANIA.

W. W. H. DAVIS, A. M.

AUTHOR OF "EL' GRINGO, OR NEW MEXICO AND HER PEOPLE;" "HISTORY OF THE
IO4TH PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENT;" "LIFE OF GENERAL JOHN LACEY ;" "HIS-
TORY OF THE HART FAMILY; "THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF NEW
MEXICO ;" " THE HISTORY OF BUCKS COUNTY, PA.;" " LIFE OF
JOHN DAVIS," AND " HISTORY OF THE DOY-
LESTOWN GUARDS."

<-^3^^«^5<^-

DOYLESTOWN, PA.
1899.

28544

Entered, According to Act of Congress, in the Year 1899, by

William W. H. Davis,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.

TWOeOf*IEd nL-J-ZiVE-O.

{ MA:1271899 )

x^f.,. . r. -A^'^y^

Doylestown Publishing Company, Printers,
Doylestown, Penna.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Title Page i

Contents 3

Illustrations 5

Dedication 7

Preface 10

Chapter I. Cause of Rebellion, John Fries i

" II. Insurgents Prepare to Resist the Law 14

" III. Fries Captures the Assessors 25

" IV. Opposition to House Tax Law in North-
ampton 38

" V. The Marshal Makes Arrests in Northampton, 48
" VI. Rescue of the Prisoners at Bethlehem ... 57
" VII. The President Issues his Proclamation. ... 67
** VIII, Troops Called Out to Suppress the Insurrec-
tion 75

•' IX. Rev. Charles Henry Helmuth Issues an Ad-
dress 87

" X. The Army Marches from Quakertown to Allen-
town and Returns to Philadelphia via

Reading 102

" XI. Trial of John Fries 115

'• XII. Pardon of Fries 129

"XIII. Conclusion 137

Appendix i

Index 9

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

1. Frontispiece. W. W. H. Davis

2. Threatening Notice I2

3. Sellers' Tavern 26

Erected About 1780.

4. Old Friends Meeting House, Quakertown 42

Torn Down 1862.

5. William Henry S^

6. Crown Inn, South Bethlehem 74

7. Old Lancaster House, Quakertown 90

Torn Down 1841.

8. Bridge Over the Lehigh io6

Built About 1795. Torn Down 181 7.

9. Present Friends Meeting House, Quakertown 124

10. Sun Inn, Bethlehem HO

About 1791.

Dedication.

This Volume is Dedicated to the Students of History.

PREFACE.

In presenting this volume to the public, it seems meet and
proper the circumstances, under which it was written and
published, should be stated.

I purchased the Doylestown (Pa.) Democrat 1858, and, be-
ing interested in local history, began collecting the facts,
relating to the armed resistance to the house-tax law of 1798,
and writing it up for my paper. I had heard a good deal of
it in my youth a-nd was curious to know more. It had its
birth in Milford township, Bucks county, Pa. ; thence extend-
ing into the adjoining townships of Northampton, and, in un-
written history, was known as the " Milford Rebellion." There
is no evidence that the people of Montgomery county had
any part in it.

I visited the locality where Fries and his "insurgents," as
they vii^Q called, operated ; interviewed his son Daniel, his
o'lly surviving child, then an old man of over 70, and others
who lived in that section at the time of the trouble, hunted
up all the known records and examined the newspaper files of
the period. By the winter of 1859-63 I had collected con-
siderable material and published portions of it in my news-
paper. Since then additional matter has been added to the
text, and many new facts, pertinent to the subject, are em-
bodied in foot notes.

Being satisfied the facts, relating to this interesting episode,
would have been lost, had they not been collected when they
were; and believing them of sufificient interest to be preserved

PREFACE. XI

in some more enduring way, then attaches to the columns of a
weekly newspaper, I determined to publish them in book
form. The manuscript was prepared for the press several
years ago, but the publication was deferred, from time to
time until the present, and it is now given to the public with
some misgivings. The events narrated are not only interesting
in themselves, but too suggestive of the friction between the
people and their newly established government, to allow them
to become lost to the student of history, I have several
friends to thank, including Messrs. John W. Jordan,* Charles
Broadhead, Bethlehem, and Ellwood Roberts, Norristown, in
the matter of furnishing illustrations for the volume.

W. W. H. DAVIS.
Doylestown, Pa., March ^, i8gg.

*PennsyIvania Historical Society.

THREATENING LETTER.

The following is a translation of the threatening letter fac-
ing page 12, sent, by an insurgent, to Captain Jarrett, and is
one of the earliest exhibitions of Kukluxism extant :

A sure warning (certain report) to you John Sheret if you
have already advised the people who are for liberty that they
should not go armed to Bethlehem, you need not discourage
others any more as vou are already a cursed stamblcr as are
many others in this neighborhood. Your brother Henry also
said that the people should not have done that to go against
the government. He was scared when he came to Bethlehem
and saw the people with weapons. (A line of the original
here cannot be translated.) So Earl* is a devil as you and
John Sheret. I say in case of an outbreak I will burn your
house and barn and will shoot you and your brother dead
wherever I shall detect you cursed stamblers. If it would not
be for your brother Henry most surely Bethlehem would re-
ceive its deserving reward. The cursed advice would be frus-
trated. And you are never safe in your house. You and Earl*
are cursed stumbles knaves one as the other else you would not
dissuade the people who are for liberty.

These are the weapons for your slaughter.

*Eyerley.

T'he f^ne^ Rebellion.

CHAPTER I.

Cause of the F^ebellion; John Pries,

Between the close of the Revolution and the end of the
Century, three events transpired in the United States that
gave serious alarm to the friends of republican institutions.

The first of these, known in history as " Shays' Rebellion,"
was an unlawful combination in Massachusetts, 1786, directed
against the State Government. Its head and front was Daniel
Shays,' who had been a Captain in the Continental army, and
left behind him the reputation of a brave and faithful ofificer.
The outbreak was soon quelled, but not before some of the
misguided participants had paid the penalty with their lives.
The second event, in the order of time, was the " Whiskc}' In-
surrection,'"^ in the southwestern counties of Pennsylvania,
1792. It reached such magnitude, by the fall of 1794, that

' Daniel Shays, born 1747, at Hnijkinton, Mass., served as ensign at the battle of
Bunker's Hill, and attained the rank (if Captain in the Continental Army. In 1786 he
took part in the popular movement in Western Massachusetts for the redre.ss of alleged
grievances, and became the leader in the rebellion which bears his name. Shays, after
being pardoned, removed to Vermont and thence to New York, where he died Sept. 29,
1825. In his old age he \\as allowed a pension for his services during the Revolution.

- The " Whiskey Insurrection" was a disturbance in the south-western section of
Pennsylvania, caused by Congress imposing a tax on all ardent spirits distilled in the
United States three years previously. The object of the tax was to improve the reve-
nues of the government. It is charged that Genet, the French minister, and his par-
tizans incited the people of the distilling regions to resist the tax collectors. The dis-
affected rose in arms. Washington issued two proclamations warning the insurgents to
disperse but, instead of obeying, they fired upon and captured the officers of the govern-
ment. A military force 15,000 strong, was then organized and sent into the disturbed
district, to enforce the law, but the insurgents had already scattered when the troops
arrived. The whiskey tax was a measure of the Federal party.

2 THE FRIES KEBELLIOX.

President Washington sent a large body of troops, under
Governor Henry Lee/ of Virginia, into the disaffected dis-
trict. The force was so imposing the insurgents abandoned
their organization and returned to their homes. The third
attempt was that of which we write, the " Fries Rebellion."
This took place in contigious parts of Bucks* and Northamp-
ton counties, in the Fall and Winter of 1798--99, and is so
called from the name of the leader, John Fries, who was
mainly instrumental in creating this opposition to the Federal
authority. In each case the disturbance was caused in whole,
or in part, by what the people considered an unjust and un-
lawful tax, and they resisted putting it in force. In the two
latter cases the assessments to be made were of an unusual
character, though not heavy in amount, and the opposition to
it was caused, no doubt, by want of correct information, and
not a settled design to interfere with the execution of the
law. The history of the Fries Rebellion proves, quite
conclusively, the outbreak was of this character, and, if
proper means had been taken by the authorities to explain
the law and its necessity, to the disaffected, the extreme
measures taken by the general government need not have
been resorted to. It was fortunate, however, the trouble was
brought to a close without the loss of life or bloodshed, and
the bitterness engendered was not permanent.

During the Administration of John Adams, the frequent
depredations of the French upon our commerce, and their
disregard of our rights on. the high seas, as a neutral power to
the sanguinary conflict then devastating Europe, induced the
belief that war with France was unavoidable. Congress, ac-

" Governor Henry Lee, Virginia, who commanded the troops of the Government in
the " Whiskey Insurrection," was the famous " Light Horse Harry" of the Revohition,
and rendered Washington distinguished service as a partizan cavalry officer. He was
born in Westmoreland county, Va., January 29, 1756. He was appointed by Congress
to deliver the funeral oration on Washington, 1799.

' Bucks, one of the three original counties of Pennsylvania, and organized with Phila-
delphia and Chester, 16S3, lies in the south-eastern coroner of the State, Northampton
joining it on the northwest and Montgomery, cut off from Philadelphia, 1782, bounds
Bucks on the southwest. The district, where opposition to the House tax law prevailed,
was settled mainly by Germans ; there was no opposition to speak of outside of a few
townships in the upper end of Bucks and the lower end of Northampton. Berks vs^as
formed from Chester, Philadelphia and Lancaster, 179S.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 3

cordingly, made preparation for such emergency should it
arise. The mih'tary and naval forces of the country were in-
creased, and General Washington, then living in retirement at
Mount Vernon, was appointed to the command of the armies
about to be called into the field. In view of the impending
danger to the country, Congress took such other measures as
the President thought requisite, some of which clothed him
with almost despotic power. The act, known as the "Alien
and Sedition Laws," gave him authority to send obnoxious
persons out of the country, at pleasure, and to place others in
arrest accused of speaking, or writing, in disrespectful terms of
the government. In connection with these measures Con-
gress made provision to carry on the war, now thought to be
near at hand, by laying a direct tax to be assessed and col-
lected by agents appointed by the Federal government.

On July 9, 1798, an act was passed providing "for the
valuation of lands and dwelling houses and the enumeration
of slaves within the United States." For making the valua-
tion and enumeration, required by the act, the States were di-
vided into districts, and, for each district, a commissioner was
appointed by the President with a fixed salary. It was made
the duty of the commissioners to sub-divide these districts
into assessment districts, and, for each, appoint one principal
and as many assistants as miglit be required. The assessors
were to make out a list of houses, lands and slaves, and after-
ward to value and assess them. On July 14 Congress passed
an additional act, entitled " An Act to lay and collect a direct
tax within the United States," fixiiig the amount to be raised
at $2,000,000, of which $237,177.72 was the portion allotted to
Pennsylvania. The rates of assessments to be made under
this act were as follows : Where the dwelling and outhouses,
on a lot not exceeding two acres, were valued at more than
$100 and not exceeding $500, there was to be assessed a sum
equal to two-tenths of one per cent, on the valuation. As the
houses and lands increased in value the rates were increased
in proportion, so that a house, worth $30,000, would pay a tax
equal to one per cent, of its value. By this means rich and
poor alike contributed their share of the burden according to

4 THE FRIES REBELLION.

their ability to pay. Upon each slave there was assessed a
tax of 50 cents. The fourth section of the act provided for
the appointment of collectors, and the duties were to be dis-
charged under instructions from the Secretary of the Treas-
ury.

Upon the announcement of the passage of these acts of
Congress, and their publication, discontent began to manifest
itself. They were denounced as unconstitutional, unjust and
oppressive, and the government charged with acting in a
tyrannical manner. The odium already resting on Mr.
Adams' Administration was increased, and new enemies made
on all sides. Politicians, who seized upon it to bring the Ad-
ministration into disrepute, were governed by selfish purposes,
but we must credit the masses with honest motives. Follow-
ing so soon, after the passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws,
gave the House Tax Law greater unpopularity than it really
merited, or would have received at any other time. The feel-
ing of the country was very much aroused before its passage,
and this added fuel to the flame.

The law was violently denounced in Pennsylvania as soon
as its provisions were known. At first the opposition took the
form of noisy declamation, and the application of harsh ephi-
thets to the President and his Cabinet, and was mainly con-
fined to the counties of Bucks, Montgomery, Northampton
and Berks in the eastern part of the State. P'rom passive re-
sistance the opposition gradually assumed the shape of overt
acts. In a few instances, and before any matured plan had
been agreed upon, the officers were prevented by threats from
making the assessments, and, in others, were hooted at and
ridiculed. So odious did it make the Administration in Bucks
and Northampton, that these counties positively refused to
furnish their quota, under a law recently passed, for increasing
the military force of the country, and not a man was furnishtLi
by them. The opposition had assumed such alarming char-
acter by the Winter and Spring of 1799 the President deemed
it his duty to send a large body of troops into these counties
to quell the disturbance and enforce the law. In order to give
our readers an intelligent and accurate account of this out-

THE FRIFIS REBELLION, 5

break, it will be necessary to take up the thread of events from
the passage of the acts of Congress that led to it.

Immediately on the passage of the law, the Secretary of the
Treasury took the proper steps to carry it out. The act of
July 9 divided Pennsylvania into nine districts, the third be-
ino- composed of the counties of Bucks and Montgomery, and
the fifth of Northampton, Luzerne and Wayne, with the fol-
lowing named commissioners:

1st District, Israel Wheeler, 5th District, Jacob Eyerley,"
2d " Paul Zantzenger, 6th " Michael Schmyser,

3d " Seth Chapman,* 7th " ThomasGrant, Jr.,

4th " Collinson Reed, 8th " Samuel Davidson,

9th District, Isaac Jenkinson.
Jacob Eyerley, commissioner for the fifth district, and a resi-
dent of Northampton, was commissioned sometime in the
month of August and took the oath of office. Almost as soon
as qualified, he was requested, by the Secretary of the Treas-
ury, to find suitable persons to serve as assessors in his di-
vision. He had no trouble as far as the counties of Luzerne
and Wayne were concerned, but, in Northampton, only two
persons were named in connection with the appointment.
There appeared to be a general indisposition among the peo-
ple to accept office under the law.

The fourth section of the act of July 9 required the com-
missioners, as soon as possible after their appointment, to
meet and make provision for carrying out the act. The
board assembled at Reading,' Berks county, October 22,
nearly all the members present. Each commissioner pre-
sented a plan of his division and divided it into a suitable
number of assessment districts. They also furnished a list of
persons qualified for assessors, which was forwarded to the
Secretary of the Treasury who was authorized to reduce the

5 Seth Chapman, commissioner for the Third District, and citizen of Bucks county,
received his commission and instruction early in the autumn and immediately qualified.
He was a relative of James Chapman and possibly a brother.

« Jacob Eyerley was a Moravian and a man of some influence.

' Reading, the county seat of Berks, was laid out in the Autumn of I748, on a tract of
450 acres for which warrants had been taken out by John and Samuel Finney, 1733. It
is now a prosperous and wealthy city of some 70,000 inhabitants.

6 THE FRIES REBELLION.

number. A form of warrant was agreed upon and signed by
the commissioners. The assessors were ordered to meet at
an early day, when the commissioners would qualify and
give them the necessary instructions.

Bucks county was divided into two collection districts, one
composed of the twelve upper townships, for which were ap-
pointed one principal and five assistants ; James Chapman,*
Richland, being the principal, and John Rodrock,* Plumstead ;
Everhard Foulke," Richland, Cephas Childs," Samuel Clark,
Milford, and one other assistant. Childs took the oath of of-
fice November 5, and no doubt the others were qualified about
the same time. The assessors met at Rodrock's the latter
part of December, after being qualified. Here the last pre-
liminaries were arranged prior to making the attempt to carry
the law into effect. Each assessor was given charge of two
townships, and allowed a choice of the ones he would assess.

" James Chapman was born in Springfield township, and at this time was living in
Richland, although I do not know when he moved into it. He lived on a farm some
years ago the property of P. Mayer, on the road to Milford Square, one mile west of
Quakertown. He belonged to Richland meeting, 1781, when he and ten other leading
members were disowned for subscribing the oath of allegiance to the Colonies. The
Chapman family is one of the oldest in the county, the first ancestor in America
immigrating from England and settling in Wrightstown township, 1684. The Hon.
Henry Chapman, lately deceased, Doylestown, was a lienal descendant of the first
settler. Seth Chapman, one of the assessors, was a member of the same family. For a
further account of James Chapman see chapter glh.

" John Rodrock was a resident of Plumstead township when appointed, but I do not
know that he was born there. He kept the tavern at what is now Plumsteadville, on the
Easton pike, then known as " Rodrock's tavern," and this is where the assessors held
their first meeting. He kept it down to about seventy-five years ago, and was the only
house there. In 1762 it was called " James Hart's tavern.'" Rodrock owned about 300 acres
of land in the vicinity, at his death, more than a half century ago. The village now con-
tains 25 dwellings, with tavern, store, a brick church and extensive carriage works.

1° Everard Foulke was a member of the Foulke family, Richland, in the ntighbor-
hood of Quakertown, and was probably appointed from that township. They were
Friends. His first ancestor in this country was Edward Foulke, who came from North
Wales, 1698, and settled in Gwynedd township, Montgomery county, and from there re-
moved to Richland. The late Benjamin Foulke, Quakertown, was a descendant of the
same common ancestor as Everard.

" Cephas Childs, or Child, the correct spelling, was of a Plumstead family, 1 ut I do
not know that he lived there when appointed. A Cephas Child, or Childs, was tliere as
«arly as about 1716, and was a Friend. He was a member of the Assembly, i747-.j8.
Among the descendants of the first settler, was the late Colonel Cephas G. Child, Phila-
delphia. A Cephas Child died in Plumstead in 1815, at the age of go, probably his son,
or grandson.

THE FRIES REnEr.LION. 7

When it became known the assessments were actually to be
made, and the tax collected under the " odious" law, tlie
hostility of the people, which had somewhat abated since its
passage, broke out anew in some localities. The excitement
soon reached fever heat. The tax became the general subject
of conversation throughout the country, and was discussed in
the taverns, stores, at all public gatherings, and at every point
where two or more persons came together. As is always the
case in times of high excitement, the authors of the law were
denounced in unmeasured terms, and both its object and pro-
visions misrepresented. The most extravj^ant stories were
put in circulation as to the intention of the government, and
such a state of fear had seized upon the minds of the middle
and lower classes, people were really alarmed for their personal
safety. Many considered Mr. Adams a despot, and the act
was viewed as the most oppressive that had ever disgraced a
statute book. In this condition of things it is not in the least
strange that a determination to resist the law should manifest
itself. The opposition appears to have been more general in
Milford"" township, in 13ucks, and in some of the border town-
ships of Northampton county, where the inhabitants earl\'
made open demonstration to resist the assessors. In Milford
the officers were wholly unable to comply with the law, and
there the houses remained unassessed for some time after tlu
assessment had been made in other parts of the district. The
most active man in stirring up opposition to the Federal au-
shorities, and who, in fact, was the head and front of all the
disturbance, was John Fries, Milford, who had the counten-
ance and support of many of his neighbors and friends, of
whom John Getman and Frederick Hean}, after himself, were
the boldest and most active participants in the rebellion.

It would be an easy matter, were we disposed to indulge in
romance and present fictitious characters to the reader, to
convert the leaders in this disturbance into heroes and clothe
them with imaginary qualities ; but, as we profess to deal

12 Milford township, in the northwest coroner of Bucks county, was settled hy Ger-
mans as early as 1725, and organized, 1734. It is one of the largest and most populous
townships in the county, and is a fine agricultural re^^ion.

g- THE P'RIES REBELLION.

only with facts, and intend to write a correct account of the
outbreak, 1798--99, such license is forbidden. Fries, Heany
and Getman were plain, honest Germans only, and it is extend-
ing ordinary charity to suppose them to have been governed
by sincere motives in the course they took.

John Fries, the leading spirit of the insurrection and came
of parentage in the lower walks of life, was born in Hat-
field" township, Montgomery county, about 1750. At 20 he
was married to Margaret Brunner, daughter of David B run-
ner, White Marsh," near Mather's Mill." John was brought
up to work, and, when old enough, was apprenticed to the
coopering trade, which he learned. At twenty-five himself
and wife, and their two children, removed to Bucks county set-
tling in Milford township. We are not imformed as to the
exact locality, but were told by his son Daniel that Joseph
Galloway'® gave him permission to build a house on his land at
Boggy Creek, and occupy it as long as he wished, which offer
he accepted. W^e have no means of knowing what length of
time Fries lived there, nor when he changed his residence,
but, at the time of the outbreak, we find him living in a small

•^ Hatfield township, Montgomery county, is bounded on the northeast by Bucks
county. It was laid out about 1741 and probably derived its name from the parish and
town of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. The population is over 2000. In 1785 it
contained one tavern, two grist mills, one saw mill and one tannery. It is 3'4 miles
long by 3 miles wide, with an area of 7100 acres.

'^ Whitemarsh township, Montgomery, lies in the Schuylkill Valley. It has an area
of 8697 acres, and is one of the most populous townships in the county. In the quality
of its limestone, marble and iron ores it is not surpassed in the State. " Whitemarsh
lime," for whitewashing, finds its way all over the country. It was settled as early as
16S5. It is rich in Revolutionary incidents, and, within its limits, some important
movements were made by the two opposing armies in Fall of 1777 and Winter of 1777-78.
It is cut by the North Pennsylvania railroad and is twelve miles from Philadelphia.

'^ Mather's mill is in Whitemarsh township, Mbntgoniery county, near the intersec-
tion of the Bethlehem and Skippack turnpike, a mile below Fort Washington. It was
built by Edward Farmer, 1705 ; rebuilt, 1814, by Mather, and is now or was lately owned
by the Otterson estate. The mill is on the Wissahickon creek. Edward Farmer carne
to America with his father, 1685, and settled in Whitemarsh. He became prominent in
affairs, and died November 3, 1745, in his 73d year.

"* The Galloways came from Maryland to Philadelphia, where Joseph was born about
1730 and marrying Grace Growden, removed to Bucks county. He owned a large landed
estate in Bucks that came through his wife. He abandoned the Whig cause during the
Revolution, and went to England, where he died, 1803. He was active in the early part
of the struggle ; was a member of the first American Congress, 1774, and, at that time,
no man stood higher in the Province. He was a lawyer, and a man of great ability.

THE FRIES REBELLION. g

log house near the Sumneytown road, two miles from Charles-
town," on a lot that belonged to William Edwards, father of
Caleb Edwards," deceased, Quakertown." He probably did
not follow the coopering business long, if at all, after his
removal into Bucks county, for the earliest information we
have of him shows he was then persuing the calling of a ven-
due cryer, which he followed to the day of his death, and
for which he seems to have been especially adapted. This
occupation led him to travel all over his own, and neighbor-
ing townships, affording him an opportunity of becoming well
acquainted with the country and the people. He had ten
children : Solomn, John, Daniel, a second John, and a fifth
which died in infancy before it had been named ; Mary,
Elizabeth, Sarah, Catharine and Margaret. Of these ten chil-
dren Solomon and Daniel were the last to die, both aged
men, who had already reached more than man's allotted years.
Daniel, the younger of the two, was born at " Boggy Creek,"
May, 1782.

When the contest between Great Britain and her American
Colonies came on, 1776, John Fries espoused the cause of his
country, and became an active patriot. He was already en-
rolled in the militia and had command of a company. We

" Charlestown, now called Trumbauersville, a place of some sixty families, is built for
half a mile along the road leading from Philadelphia to AUentown. At the time of the
Fries Rebellion it could not have hid more than one or two dwellings, besides the
tavern, now known as the Eagle. It is the seat of cigar factories, and, at one time,
turned out 2,000,033 a year. The first church building was erected 1769; rebuilt, 1805,
and again 1868. It is now a Union church.

'8 Caleb Edwards was probably a descendant of John Edwards, who came with his
wife from Abington, Montgomery county, to the neighborhood of Quakertown about
1730 with the Morrisses, Heackocks, Jamisons, Joneses and others. He must have been
appointed from Richland or a neighboring township.

1" Quakertown, Richland township, is at the intersection of the Milford Square and
Newtown, Hellertown and Philadelphia roads, all opened at an early day. Here a little
hamlet began to form over a century and half ago, and as the settlers were principally
members of the Society of Friends, the name " Quakertown" was given it. A tavern
was opened as early as 1770 ; a post office, 1803 ; a public library founded 1795 ; and it
was incorporated into a borough in 1854. The population was 863 in 1870, and 2169 in
1890. In 1874 the borough limits were extended to include Richland Centre, a village
that had grown up about the station on the North Penn. Railroad, a mile to the east.
The population of the borough is about 3000. Quakertown is the centre of a rich and
populous country.

10 THE FRfES REBELLION.

are not able to say at what period he was first called into
service, but we l<now he was on active duty 1777- for, in the
Fall of that year, his company being of the militia was called out
from Bucks county to re-enforce the Continental Army, and
was with Washington at White Marsh and Camp II ill.'"' In
the Spring of the following year he commanded a company
in the action at Crooked Billet, '"" under General John Lacey,"''''^
and shared the dangers and defeat of the day. Nearly twenty
years later, we find him in command of a company of militia,
from this county, in the Whiskey Insurrection. In these
military positions it is to be presumed he served his country
faithfully.

'■'" "Camp Hill" is an elevalion in VVhitemarsh township, Montg-omery county, Pa.,
and so named because a portion of the Continental Army occupied it during the Fall,

1777, in tlie operations following: the occupation of Philadelphia by the Britisli. It lies
on the left of the Morth Pennsylvania Railroad below Fort Washington Station, the
next station b^low it being known as " Camp Hill," on the west side of the railroad.
The contiguous country was the scene of military operations of that period by Wash-
ington's army.

-1 The " Crooked Billet," the present Hatboro, a village of a tliou5a-.d inhabitants, is
in Morelaad township, Montgomery county. Pa., half a mile from the Bucks county
line, on the North-East Pennsylvania Railroad. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper, an
academy, three churches, and a valuable library, founded, 1755. It is thought to have
been first settled by John Dawson, who, with his wife and daughter, and probably two
sons, came from London to Pennsylvania, 1710. He was a hatter and a member of
Friends' Meeting. The place was called " Crooked Billett" from a crooked stick of
wood painted on the sign that hung at the tavern door in ye olden time.

'•'■•JJohn Lacey, captain in the Continental Army and subsequently a Brigadier
General of militia in the Revolution, was born in Buckingham township, Bucks
county, Pa., 1755. The family were members of the Society of Friends, and
immigrated from the Isle of \N'ight, England, and settled in Wrightstown
among the first settlers. He was commissioned captain in the 4th Pennsylvania regi-
ment, commanded by Col. Anthony Wayne, January 5, 1776; serving in the campaign
in Canada of that year, returning home on the recruiting service in December. He
shortly afterward resigned his commission, because of some unjust treatment by Colonel
Wayne, but continued his activity in the cause of the Colonies. He was commissioned
a Sub-Lieutenant of Bucks county, March 22, 1777; a Brigadiere General of the State,
January g, 1778, before he was 23, taking the field shortly afterward. During that
Winter and Spring he had command of the country between the Delaware and Schuyl-
kill, and rendered efficient service. The action at the Crooked Billet took place May i,

1778. In 1779 General Lacey was chosen a me.mber of the Executive Council of the
State and, as such, served for two years. The 18th of January, 1781, he married a
daughter of Colonel Thomas Reynolds, New Mills, now Pemberton, N. J., whither he
removed the Fall of that year, or beginning of 1782. He entered into the iron business,
and died there February 17, 1814. The late Dr. William Darlington, West Chester, Pa.,
married a daughter of General Lacey.

THE FRIES REBELLION. II

At the period of which we write. Fries was about fiftj^
years of age. In person rather small in stature and spare, but
active, hardy and well made. He was without education, ex-
cept being able to read and write, with a knowledge of the
rudiments of arithmetic. Nature had endowed him with good
natural abilities, and he possessed a shrewd and intelligent
mind. He was an easy and fluent talker, and somewhat
noted for his humour and cunning; was possessed of good
hard sense, and, had his mind been properly cultivated,
would doubtless have been a man of mark. Personally he
was brave and resolute, and unknown to fear. He is said to
have possessed a species of rude eloquence which was very en-
gaging, and gave him great control over th;" multitude. He
was a sworn enemy to all kinds of oppression, fancied or real, and
was esteemed a quiet and inoffensive man until this outbreak
aroused the latent fires within him, made him notorious and
his name a terror to the Administration of Mr, Adams. He
had brown hair, quick and steady black eyes, of which an old
neighbor, and one who formerly knew him well, told us "were
as keen as the eyes of a rabbit." He had a pleasant disposi-
tion, v.^as well liked by all, and, with many, quite a fav^orite.
His character for honesty was above suspicion, and he was
considered a sober man, though occassion;dly indulged in
strong drink. These personal and other qualities gave him,
to a considerable degree, the confidence of the community in
which he lived, and enabled him to exercise a controlling in-
fluence over his neighbors and friends.

I n_ following his occupation of vendue cryer he generally
traversed the county on horseback, and, in all his wanderings,
was accompanied by a small black dog named *' Whiskey," to
which he was greatly attached. When he entered a house it
was his habit to call for " Whiskey," when the faitljful little
animal would come and take a seat by his side and remain
until his master got up to go away. Master and dog were in-
separable companions, and aged persons who knew Fries
stated to us that his approach was often heralded some time
before he came in sight by the appearance of " Whiskey" trot-
ting along in advance. The favorite little dog, as will be seen, be-

12 THE FRIES REBELLION.

fore we conclude, was the means of the betrayal of his master
into the hands of his enemies.

Next to John Fries, Frederick Heaney and John Getman
were the most active instigators of the disturbance. They
were both residents of Milford township at the time, the form-
er Hving two miles from Charlestown, the latter within half a
mile of Fries' house ; they were tailors by trade, and in an
humble condition in life. Of their history we have been able
to learn but little. Heaney was born at what is now " Stover's
Mill,"" Rockhill township, but we do not know at what
period he changed his residence to Milford. At one time he
kept the tavern at Hagersville," of which Christian Hager was
landlord forty years ago, but we have not been able to learn
the date of his residence at this place. After his pardon by
Mr. Adams, Heaney returned to his home, Milford town-
ship, whence he removed to Plainfield,'''^ Northampton county,
where he died."' He gained there not only a respectable, but
a somewhat influential standing in the community. He was
appointed justice of the peace, and also commanded a volun-
teer company, which his grandson. George Heaney, command-
ed, i860. After his death, which did not take place until he

23 Stover's Mill is in Rockhill township, Bucks.county, a few miles from Sellersville, on
the North Pennsylvania Railroad, and was owned by a member of the family of that
name a few years ago.

^'^ Hag-ersville is situated on the Old Bethlehem Road, in the north-west corner of
Rockhill township. It has a store, tavern, the usual village mechanics, and some dozen
dwellings. At this point the road is the dividing line between Bedminster and Rockhill
townships. The village took its name from Colonel George Hager, a prominent man
and politician over half a century ago. He was a candidate for sheriff 1836.

"5 Plainfield township, Northampton county, was settled as early as 1730 and organ-
ized shortly after 1752, but the records of its organization are lost. It was a frontier
township of Bucks county at the time of its organization.

-" We were told by a descendant of Frederick Heaney that he was of German descent,
as his name implies, his father, Johannes Horning, having immigrated from the Palati-
nate about 1742, and settled at what was afterward known as " Heaney's Mill," Rockhill
township, Bucks county. Frederick was born there August 18, 1769. At the beginning
of the present century he removed to Northampton county, where he died, iSiS. Gov-
ernor Simon Snyder commissioned him justice of the peace, for a district of Northamp-
ton, composed of the townships of Upper and Lower Mount Bethel and Plainfield. July
27, 1809, which office he held until his death. He was buried at Plainfield Church, near
the Wind Gap. A number of his descendants live in Monroe and Northampton
counties.

iv^*n S-X /-A^ A^^ ^W/ a/' /^^vj/W^^ :^V^ 9

r n^i

.^^ ^ ^- i^H"^ ^^,.^^ u^^A^^l
'Mrr ft »^wt) f^My^ i/-^ f-^r/v i^W*.^ i>-v f^ Jt^^^SM'

FACSIMILE OF A THREATENING NOTICE ISSUED DURING THE FREAS' REBELLION.

ORIGINAL IN THE COLLECTION OF JOHN W. JORDAN, PHILADELPHIA.

rti/

^t*^ MT J^ft^t^ ^r»^t^/ uUj^ i^ V^lf-r^^f^fT*

THE FRIES REBELLION. I3

had reached a green old age, his widow was twice married, and
died in Plainfield, 1855, at the age of eighty-nine years. He
had three sons, Charles, Samuel and Enoch, and one daughter,
Elizabeth. It is related by his descendants that while the
troops were in pursuit of him, a party of soldiers came to his
house one night, when his wife was alone, except her little
daughter, Elizabeth. They heard of threats against his life,
and, hearing them coming, she jumped out of bed and put a
spike over the door to prevent them getting in, and, leaving
her child in the house, ran out the back door and across the
fields to alarm a neighbor. When she returned with help the
soldiers were gone. This child was Mrs. Edmonds, living,
i860, in Bushkill township, Northampton county, whose son,
Jacob B. Edmonds, resided at Quakertown.

Getman is supposed to have been born in Rockhill town-
ship, also, but we have not been able to learn anything of his
history. His brother George died near Sellersville, Bucks
county, March 4, 1855, at the advanced age of 92 years, 2
months and 10 days, respected by all his friends and neigh-
bors. He, likewise, was arrested during the trouble ; was
tried and convicted but received a much lighter sentence than
his brother John, being fined one hundred dollars and sent-
enced to undeigo an imprisonment of 6 months. Heaney
was the owner of a small house and lot. These two men
were the advisors and confederates of John Fries, Getman be-
ing the most in his confidence. They lacked the intelligence
and shrewdness of their leader, but were active in the cause
and rendered him important service. Such were the three
men who were the head and front of the " Fries Rebellion."
Thus we have related the cause of the rebellion, with some ac-
count of the principal actors in it, and, in the next chapter,
we shall give our readers a brief history of the overt acts of
t he insurgents.

T'he I'Fie^ I^ebellion.

CHAPTER II.

The Insuroents Prepare to F^esist the Law.

John Fries was probabl}^ the first to array himself against
the law, immediately upon its passage and promulgation. His
own intense hostility begat the desire that his neighbors and
friends should agree with him in feelino-, and he labored with,
great zeal to this end. When going about the county cr}'ing
vendues, he was careful to sound the people as to how they
stood upon the subject of the new ta.x, and was never back-
ward in expressing his own opinion. From a warm supporter
of Mr. Adams and his Administration, he suddenly became
their most bitter enemy, giving vent to his feelings in terms
of unmeasured denunciation. He reasoned with, persuaded,
and threatened all and seemed to make it his business to
create enemies to the act. He was thus active during the Fall
months of 1798, and, by the end of the year, had raised a
fierce opposition to the law and those who were to carry it
into execution. He was particularly hostile to the house-tax,
and declared openly that no assessments should be made in
Milford township, nor tax collected if he could pre\-cnt it.
We were informed by his son Daniel, then about eighteen,
and had a distinct recollection of the events transpiring, that
several private meetings were held at his father's house before
any public demonstration was made. His friends and neigh-
bors met there to talk about the law, and determine, in a quiet
manner, what was best to be done. At these conferences
Fries always took the lead, and his stronger mind assisted to
mould the opinion of others.

(14)

THE FRIES REBEELIOX. I 5

Tlie time had now arrived when some more active measures
must be taken, and opinion changed to deeds. The period
approached when the assessors were to commence their duties,
and some public demonstration was necessary to prevent them
carrying tlie hiw into eiTect. With this object in view, about
the first of February, 1799, notices, without any names signed
to them, were put up at various places \u the township, calling
a public meeting for Frida}', -he eighth, at the public house of
John Klein, on the road lea ling to Gary's tavern, two miles
southwest from Charlestown. On the d.i}' appointed, a num-
ber of persons assembled at the place of meeting late in the
afternoon. The two most active and nois)- men present were
John Fries and George Mitchel,' who then kept the public
house mcire recenth' occupied b\' Eli L. Zeigler, at the west
end of Charlestown. This tavern was one of the places where
the mal con.tents of the neighborhood assembled at evenings
to talk over their grievances. Few, if an\', at the meeting ap-
pear to have had a very definite idea of what should be done ;
the)' disliked the hi)use tax and were opposed to paying it
themselves, or permitting others to do so ; but, be^'ond tliis,
there was no plan of opposition, at this time. The law was
discussed and its authors denounced in violent terms.

Some expressed a doubt whether the bill had yet become a
law. The newspapers of the day mentioned that an amend-
ment had lately passed Congress, which seemed to confuse the
understanding of the people, and rendered them undecided as
to whether the law was actually in force. After the matter
had been sufficiently considered and the sense of the met;ting
fully explained. Fries, with the assistance of the publican,
Mitchel, drew up a [)aper that was approved and signed by
about fifty of those present. What the exact import of this
paper was has never been determined, as neither the original
nor a copy fell into the hands of the authorities. It is sup-
posed, however, to have contained merely a statement of the
views of the signers upon the subject of the tax, and their de-
termination to oppose the execution of the law. Before ad-

1 We are not able to learn anything further of George Mitchell than is mentioned
here.

1 6 THE FRIES REBELLION.

journing, however, a resolution was passed requesting" the as-
sessors not to come into the township to make the assessment,
until the people were better informed whether the law was
really in force ; and one Captain Kuyder appointed to serve a
copy of the resolution upon them. Having transacted the
business which brought them together, the people quietly dis-
persed and returned to their homes. The meeting was con-
ducted in the most orderly and peaceable manner, and there
was no appearance of disturbance on the part of anyone.

Our readers will bear in mind, that Mr. Chapman, com-
missioner for the counties of Bucks and Montgomery, met the
assessors of the former county at the public house of Mr.
Rodrock, the latter end of December, to deliver to them their
instructions how to proceed in the assessments. Immediately
after this meeting, these officers commenced the assessment in
the respective townships assigned them. They proceeded
without any trouble, or appearance of opposition, in all the
townships but Milford, and even there the people, notwith-
standing the late agitation and excitement against the law,
quietly acquiesce in its execution. It is true they did not
like it, and would rather have avoided paying the tax, but
they had abandoned all intention of resisting the law. Childs
and Clark had both been appointed for Milford, and, before
separating, fixed upon a day when the}^ would begin in that
township. Childs had also one or two other townships as-
signed him, and, it was arranged between them, they
should assist each other, two days at a time, alternately. As
Childs had already made some assessments in his own district,
he agreed to help Clark whenever he should be ready to begin
the work. Before the meeting adjourned at Rodrock's, the
principal assessor named an early day to meet again, and make
return of what they had done. Mr. Childs went to assist
Clark according to agreement, but, when he reached his house,
finding the latter was not able to go on with the assessments,
he returned to finish up his own district. In Milford the ex-
citement was still running high ; and as threats of serious in-
jury had been made against the assessors, who were forbidden
to enter the township, they declined to attempt it.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 1 7

Fries and his friends had inflamed the minds of tlie people
to such degree, that in some parts of the township they were
ahnost in a condition to take up arms. The assessors met at
Rodrock's, to make returns, on February 6, but as they did
not complete their business that day they adjourned to meet
on the i6th. '

In the unsettled condition of things in Milford, the princi-
pal assessor, James Chapman, determined to take some steps
to satisfy the people of that township in relation to the tax.
For this purpose he thought it advisable to have a public
meeting called at some convenient place, where he would ex-
plain the law, but not trusting altogether to his own judgment
in the matter, he went to George Mitchel s on Monday, Feb-
ruary II, and consulted him. The latter agreeing with the
principal assessor, he was requested to lend his assistance in
getting up the meeting and assented. Word was sent to
Jacob Hoover,'^ who owned and lived at a mill on Swamp
creek, on the road leading from Trumbauersville to Spinners-
town, about one mile west of the former place, and the same
later occupied by Jonas Graber,^ to give notice of the meeting
to the people of his neighborhood; and also to inform them
they would be permitted to select their own asstssor, and
that any capable man whom they might name would be quali-
fied. The offer, however, did not meet with much favor in
that section of the township, and the people declined to have
anything to do with it. There seemed to be a general disposi-
tion, among the friends of Mr. Adams in the township, to have
a public meeting called notwithstanding the failure of the
first attempt — to endeavor to reconcile matters ; and Israel
Roberts and Samuel Clark both saw Mitchell upon the sub-
ject. A few days after, Mr. Chapman again sent word to
Mitchell to advertise a meeting, which he accordingly did, and

2 The Hoovers, or Hubers, immigrated from Switzerland between 1750 and 1760, and
settled in Milford township. The father's name we do not know, but his wife's was
Ann, who was born 1722, died 1775, and was buried at the Trumbauersville church.
Henry, one of the sons, made powder for the Penna. Committee of Safety, 1776, at a
mill on Swamp creek. Another son, John Jacob, was probably the "Jacob Hoover"
mentioned here.

3 This was in 1859 ; the present owner we do not know.

ig THE FRIES REBELLION.

the time fixed was the latter end of February, the place, his
own tavern. The notice given was pretty general, and a
large assemblage was expected.

The Jacob Hoover here spoken of was the uncle of Reuben
L. Wyker, who lived near Rufe's store in Tinicum, and was
active in assisting Fries. It is said he manufactured cartouch
boxes for the use of the insurgents, and otherwise made him-
self useful to them. He escaped capture by having timely
warning of the approach of the troops. George Wyker, also
of Tinicum, and uncle of Reuben L., was in Philadelphia at
market, at the time, and- there learned that Jacob Hoover was
to be arrested, and that a warrant had already been issued.
Being anxious to prevent him falling into the hands of the
federal authorities, he hastened home, as soon as he had sold
out his marketing, to give warning of the danger. He told
his father what he had heard in the city. The latter was
Nicholas Wyker, who lived on the same farm where Alfred
Sacket lived in more recent years, on the hillside near Rufe's
store. He immediately set off for Hoover's, whom he found
at home, apparently very much unconcerned, but entirely
ignorant of the danger that threatened him. Even when told
of the arrangements made to arrest him, he did not seem to
give it much importance ; but, while they were in conversa-
tion Hoover looked out the window and saw the troops com-
ing up the road. This reminded him of the necessity of flee-
ing. He immediately ran out the back door, and, keeping the
house between him and them, made his way to a neighboring
thicket, into which he escaped. When the soldiers arrived at
the house, they surrounded it and entered, but the bird had
flown, and Hoover was nowhere to be found. After a thor-
ough search, the officer gave up the pursuit and returned with
his soldiers, much chagrined. Hoover kept out of harm's
way until the affair had blown over, when he returned home.
He afterward removed to Lewistown, in this State, where he
died.

In the meantime the adjourned meeting to be holden at
Rodrock's tavern, on February i6, at which the returns of the
assessments were to be made, came off'. All the assessors,

THE FRIES REBELLION. I9

except Mr. Clark, were there and reported the assessments
liad been nearly completed in all the townships except Mil-
ford, where nothing had as yet been done. The assessor of
this township had been so much intimidated and threatened
he was afraid to go about in the discharge of his duties. Mr.
Foulke also expressed some fears of going into the township,
as threats had likewise been made against him, and he antici-
pated trouble. This state of things changed his mind in re-
gard to permitting the people of the township to select their
own assessor, and he now gave his consent to it, hoping it
would conciliate them. He used his influence with the com-
missioner to induce him to agree to the same, c'nd he finally
>-iclded and gave his permission. Me notified the assessors,
at the same time, that in case the people did not accept the
terms offered them, and choose some person to discharge the
dut}^ they would have to go into the township, and assist
Clark to make the assessments. Proposals were made to the
various assessors as to which would assume the duty, but each
one had some excuse to give why he could not go, showing
great unwillingness to place themselves in the way of danger.
The unsettled condition of Milford alarmed them, John Fries
and his friends being the terror of these officers.

The time for the mcetitig advertised to take place at
Mitchell's had now airived, which was holden (jn a Saturday,
and a great many })ersons were at it. Everhard P\ndke and
James Chapman were present on the part of the assessors.
The meeting was called for the purpose of reading and ex-
plaining the law, as they were extremely ignorant of its pro-
visions and operations ; but they behaved in such a disorderly
manner nothing could be done. A general fear appears to
have seized upon those present. Mr. Foulke used his best en-
deavors to remove it, but without avail. In their present
state of mind, as he well knew, any explanation of the law on
his part W'ould have but little, if any, effect, and he did not even
attempt it. Among the well disposed citizens present was Jacob
Klein, who, at the request of Mitchell, made an effort to calm
the fears of the people, but he met with no success, for the
tlamor and noise were so incessant he could not be heard.

20 THE FRIES REBELLION.

Israel Roberts proposed to read the law to them, but they
would not listen to him, and drowned his voice in their shouts.
Conrad Marks, who afterward became an active participant in
the disturbance, was at the meeting, but it does not appear
that John Fries was there, which is hardly reconcileable, with
his known activity in opposing the law. The assessors seeing
nothing could be done toward satisfying their minds on the
subject of the tax, and removing their prejudice and opposi-
tion to the law's execution, declined to take further part in the
meeting and returned home.

The officers, upon this occasion, met with a signal failure
in their attempt to induce the people to acquiesce in the as-
sessments, and the result of the meeting gave encouragement
to the opposition. In the subsequent trial of John Fries be-
fore the United States Court, Mr. Chapman, who was a wit-
ness on the part of the Government, gives the following ac-
count of what took place at this meeting, so far as it fell
under his own observations. He says:

" I got there between one and two o'clock. Just as I got to
the house, before I went in, I saw ten or twelve people com-
ing from towards Hoover's mill ; about the half of them were
armed, and the others with sticks. I went into the house
and twenty or thirty were there. I sat talking with some of
my acquaintance that were well disposed to the laws. Conrad
Marks talked a great deal in German ; how oppressive it was,
and much in opposition to it, seeming to be much enraged.
His son, and those who came with him, seemed to be very
noisy and rude; they talked in German, which as I did not
know sufficiently, I paid but little attention to them. They
were making a great noise ; huzzaing for liberty and Democ-
racy, damning the Tories, and the like. I let them go on, as
I saw no disposition in the people to do anything toward for-
warding the business. Between four and five I got up to go
out ; as I passed through the crowd towards the bar, they
pushed one another against me.

" No offer was made to explain the law to them while 1
staid ; they did not seem disposed to hear it.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 21

*' They did not mention my name the whole time of my
being there, but tliey abused Eyerlyand l^alliett and said they
had cheated the public, and what villains they were. I under-
stood it was respecting collecting the revenue, but I did not
understand near all they said. I recollect Conrad Marks said
that Congress had no right to make such a law, and that he
never would submit to have his house taxed.

" They seemed to think that the collectors were all such
fellows; the insinuation was that they cheated the public, and
made them pay, but never paid into the Treasury. After
getting through the crowd to the bar, I suppose I was fifteen
minutes in conversation with Mitchell ; he said perhaps they
were wrong, but the people were very much exasperated.
Nothing very material happened, and I asked Mr. Foulke if it
were not time to be going. So I got into my sleigh and went
off; soon after they set up a dreadful huzza and shout."

Israel Roberts and other witnessess, on the part of the prose-
cution at the trial of Fries, and who was present at the meet-
ing at Mitchel's, testified as follows:

" At the last meeting at Mitchell's there appeared a dis-
position to wait till they should have assistance from some
other place. It was said that a letter had arrived to George
Mitchell, from Virginia, stating there were a number of men,
I think ten thousand, on their way to join them ; the letter
was traced from one to another, through six or eight persons,
till at last it came from one who was not there. Some of the
company at that time were armed and in uniform. I do not
recollect what was said when the letter was mentioned, but
they appeared to be more opposed to the law than they were
before.

" At the meeting at George Mitchel's, at which Mr. Foulke
and Mr. Chapman were present, which was held for the pur-
pose of explaining the law, there were a number, about twelve
came up in uniform, and carrying a flag with "Liberty" on it.
They came into the house and appeared to be very much op-
posed to the law, and in a very bad humour. I proposed to
read the law to them ; and they asked me how I came to

22 THE FRIES REBELLION.

advertise the meeting ; I told them I did it with the consent
of a few others ; one of them asked me what business I had to
do it ; I told him we did it to explain the law. He looked
me in the face and said, ' We don't want any of your damned
laws, we have laws of our own,' and he shook the muzzle of his
musket in my face, saying, 'This is our law and we will let
you know it.' There were four or five who wished to hear it,
but others forbid it, and said it should not be read, and it was
not done."

On his way home from the meeting, Mr. Chapman stopped
at the public house of Jacob Fries, who then kept the tavern
more recently occupied by George L. Pheister, at the east end
of Trumbauersville, where he waited for Mr. Foulke to come
up, who arrived soon after. Clark was also there. Mr. Chap-
man had a conversation with him upon the subject of taking
the rates in the township, when he declined to have anything
more to do with it. He gave as a reason for this course that
it would not be safe for him to undertake the assessments,
and that he did not feel justified in endangering his life in
order to assist to have the law carried into execution. He
thus washed his hands of the whole business, and resigned his
commission. It was now evident to Chapman and Foulke,
that the other assessors would be obliged to make the as-
sessments in Milford, if they were made at all, and they
deemed it their duty to take immediate steps to have it done.
They agreed to meet the assessors at Ouakertown, on March
4, in order to commence the work, and, before they left for
home, Mr. Chapman asked each one to be present at tlie
time and place appointed. When the day arrived for the
meeting, but three of the assessors attended, Rodrock, Childs
and Foulke, in addition to the principal, Mr. Chapman. They
waited until evening without transacting any business, ex-
pecting others would arrive but none came, when they ad-
journed to meet at the house of Mr. Chapman, at nine o'clock
the next morning.

As soon as it became noised about that the assessors had re-
solved to come into the township to take the rates, those op-

THE FRIES REBELLION. 23

posed to the law renewed their activity against it. The peo-
ple were told by the leaders that the assessments must not be
made, and force would be used to prevent it, if necessary. The
information that the assessors, who were now looked upon as
enemies to republican institutions were coming, increased the
excitement, and the people began active measures to oppose
them. Captain Kuyder, who was in command of a com-
pany of militia, called them into service to assist in driving
the assessors out of the township. He notified his men to
meet him at his mill, on March 6, where some fifteen
or twenty assembled. Early in the morning, while he was
abroad in the neighborhood, he met his acquaintance, William
Thomas, whom he invited to go to the mill and see his men.
He accepted the invitation and accompanied the Captain
there. His men were getting together. When he arrived he
found a number already assembled, a portion of them armed
and others soon came up. After remaining a little while the
Captain ordered his men to take up the march for the tavern
of Jacob Fries, Trumbauersville.

By the time they reached the village a considerable num.ber
of stragglers had been attracted, who helped to swell the
throng. They marched along the main road until they came
to the tavern, when they drew up in front of it and halted. Here
a number more joined them, making about thirt\' in all. The
people assembled expressed a desire to see the assessors,
whom the}' knew were somewhere in the township making as-
sessments ; and a couple of horsemen were sent off to hunt
them up and notify them they were wanted. They were in-
structed, in case they should find them, to take them prison-
ers, and either conduct them to Ouakertown or bring them to
Fries' tavern. Soon after the messengers had left, it was
proposed that Captain Kuyder's company and the rest of the
people assembled, should march to Quakertown and they im-
mediately started down the road for that place. They pre-
sented a somewhat martial, but very irregular, appearance ;
the greater part being either armed with guns or clubs and
accompanied with drum and fife. As they passsed through
the country they attracted much attention, and the sounds of

24 THE FRIES REBELLION.

their martial music were heard " far o'er hill and dale." They,
who were not cognizant of the movement, and hardly knew
what to make of the demonstration, went to the roadside to
see what was going on. As they marched along the road they
increased in number, and, by the time they reached their des-
tination, there were more than a hundred in rhe company.
This movement was the commencement of the overt acts of
resistance, and had an important bearing on the subsequent
conduct of those who became insurgents in name and deed.

5^he prie§ f^sbellion.

CHAPTER III.

F'l-ies OeiptLires the Assessors.

The three assessors, Chapman, Foulke and Childs, met, on
the morinng of Marcli 5, at the house of Mr. Chapman as had
been agreed upon, and thence proceeded into Milford town-
ship to make the assessments. They thought it advisable to
to call upon Clark, in the first instance, and see if they could
not prevail upon him to go with them and divide the town-
ship, so as to complete their work in a short time. When
they arrived at his house he was absent from home, and it was
thought best for Mr. Chapman to go in search of him. Learn-
ing he had gone to assist one of his neighbors to move, he
went to Jacob Fries" tavern to wait for him to return. In a
little while he came. Upon being aslced to assist in assessing
the township he positively refused, saying he might as well
pay his fine, even if it should take all the property he had.
Finding that nothing could be done with him, the subject w'as
dropped. While Mr. Chapman was at the tavern, John Fries
came up. After passing the compliments of the day, Fries
remarked to him he understood he had been insulted at one
of the meetings in the township, which, he said, would not
have been the case had he been present, and expressed his re-
gret at the rudeness with which the assessor had been treated.
The following interview then took place between the two, as
sworn to on the trial of Fries :

"I told him (Fries) I thought they were very wrong in op-
posing the law as they did ; he signified that he thought they
were not, and that the rates should not be taken by the as-

' Jacob Fries' tavern, torn down many years ago, was situated in tiie rocky part of
Milford township, in a valley, about a mile below Milford Centre, and two hundred
yards from a public road. The road passed by the house in early times, but was
changed. The house was a long, story and a half, stone and log building. It was not a
tavern for more than half a century before it was torn down. The property was once
owned by John Keiper.

(25)

26 THE FRIES REBELLION.

sessors. I told him the rates would certainly be taken, and
that the assessors were then in the township taking them. I
repeated it to him, and he answered, ' My God ! if I were only
to send that man (pointing to one standing by,) to my house
to let them know they were taking the rates, there would be
five or seven hundred men under arms here to-morrow morn-
ing by sunrise.' He told me he would not submit to the law.
I told him I thought the people had more sense than to rise
in arms to oppose the law in that manner; if they did, gov-
ernment must certainly take notice of it, and send an armed
force to enforce the law. His answer was, ' if they do, we
will soon try who is the strongest.' I told him they certainly
would find themselves mistaken respecting their force; he sig-
nified he thought not ; he mentioned to me the troop of
horse in Montgomery county, and the people at Upper and
Lower Milford," and something about infantry who Vv^ere
ready to join. He said he was very sorry for the occasion,
for, if they were to rise, God knew where it would end ; the
consequences would be dreadful; I told him the}^ would be
obliged to comply ; he then said huzza, it shall be as it is in
France, or zvill be as it is in France, or something to that' ef-
fect. He then left me and and went ofT."

While Mr. Chapman was waiting for Clark at Jacob Fries'
tavern, and holding the strange interview with John Fries, the
other assessors were engaged in taking the rates around the
township. The first house they came to was Daniel Weid-
ner's, at the west end of Trumbauersville, and occupied
by Geo. Zeigler, 1859. Childs went in first and told Mr. W.
that he had come in order to take the assessment under the
revenue law of the United States. He appeared to be in a
bad humour at the proceeding, and declined to give any in-
formation of his property. The assessor reasoned with him,
and pointed out the impropriety of his conduct and what
would be the consequence of his opposing the law. He was
told he might have ten days to consider the matter, at the end
of which time he would be able to determine what he ought to
do. He professed not to know whether the law was in force,
and said many other things in extenuation of his conduct ;

2 Upper and Lower Milford townships in Lehitjli county, originally Upper Milford, in
Bucks, fell into Northampton when that county was cut off from Bucks, 1752, and into
Lehigh when that county was organized, 1812. At what time Upper Milford was divided
we do not know.

THE FRIES REBELLIOX. 2/

charged the assessor with receiving vcr)' high wages, &c. Mr.
Childs explained that the haw was in force and how a commit-
tee of Congress had reported against the expediency of re-
pealing it. y\t last, Weidncr, overcome by persuasion, or argu-
ment, consented to be assessed and gave up his property, say-
ing to the assessor, "take it now, since it must be done."
Childs then continued on his round, \\alking and leading his
horse from house to house, until he reached Mitchel's tavern,'
\\-hcre he found the other two assessors, who had arrived a
little while before. Weidncr got there in advance and was
again railing out against the law; and said that the houses of
high value were to pay nothing, while smaller ones, and of
small value, were to pa}' high. He was again reasoned with,
and tinaily became apparently reconciled, and gave up an ad-
ditional piece of propert}' to be assessed. He seemed to take
the matter much at heart, however, and exclaimed, " They
will ruin me; what shall I do?" The assessors then continued
on their w,iy toward Jacob Fries' tavern, where they were to
meet the principal assessors by appointment, assessing several
houses as they went along. They had assessed some fifty
or sixty houses in the whole, up to this point, and had done
it without opposition. In every case but one the people were
at home, and there a notice u'as left. They arrived at the
tavern a little before dinner. As Mr. Childs was going into
the door he was met by John Fries, who shook him b}' the
hand, said he was glad to see him, and asked him to take a
drink.

The assessors dined at Jacob Fries'. After dinner, and
while they were sitting at the fire, John Fries came into the
room. He addressed him-;elf to Mr. Foulke and Mr. Chap-
man, and said they were men he greatly esteemed, and was
sorry they had placed themselves in that position. He here
proclaimed his opposition to the law; and said " I now warn
you not to go to another hou^e to take the rates ; if \'ou do
you will be hurt." Without waiting for a reply he turned
upon his heel and went out of the room. He seemed irritated
and in anger. He said nothing more to them while the}- re-
mained there. After a conference, the assessors concluded to

3 1 have not been able to locate Mitchel's tavern, further than to say it was in Milford
[ township.

2g THE FRIES REBELLION.

pay no attention to the threat of John Fries, but proceed with
the assessments. While at the tavern, Mr. Childs took the
rates of Jacob Fries' house to which no opposition was made.
It was then agreed that Rodrock and Foulke should go
together, and Childs by himself to assess the houses of some
who were known to be quiet and orderly people. They then
mounted their horses and rode away in discharge of their
duty. They found a marked difference, between the English
and German, to be assessed ; with the former they had no
difficulty, except at one place, where the family said there
were some bad people living in the neighborhood who would
do them injury if they submitted to the rates. Messrs. Rod-
rock and Foulke continued on until about sunset without
meeting any hindrance, or seeing any sign of opposition to the
execution of the law. They were now going to the house of
a man named Singmaster, and, as they turned down a lane out
of the public road, they heard some person halloo to them ;
when, stopping and looking round, they saw John Fries and
five men coming toward them. Fries was in front, and upon
coming up he said he had warned them not to proceed with
the assessments, but as they would not obey him he had now
come to take them prisoners. Rodrock asked him by what
authority he had stopped them, to which he made no reply,
but immediately grappled for the bridle of his horse. He
wheeled the horse around at the moment^, which caused Fries
to miss the bridle and catch the rider by the coat tail, but the
latter succeeded in tearing away and freeing himself from his
grasp. Fries then rode off, but, before he had gone far, he
turned about and approached the assessor again. He now cursed
Rodrock, and, remarked to him, if he had a horse he would
catch him. He offered no further insult, but returned to his
companions. Mr. Foulke was less fortunate. The comrades
of Fries surrounded him and secured him without resistance ;
but when in their power they offered him no injur}', but
treated him with kindness. When Fries returned to his men
and found Mr. Foulke in their hands, he at once directed them
to let him go, giving as a reason that as they were not able to
catch Mr. Rodrock, they would not detain him. As the as-

THE FRIES REBELLION. 29

sessor was released Fries remarked to him, " I will have seven
hundred men together to-morrow, and I will come to your
house, and let you know we are opposed to the law." Being
at liberty once more the assessors proceeded to the house of
J^hilip Singmaster, who iix'ed on the road leath'ng from Trum-
bauersvdle to Philadelphia, half a mile from the former place,
and in a house occupied by Zeno Franlz, 1859. Thty
found him at home, and, upon informing him of their busi-
ness, were permitted to assess his house without opposition.
While here Mr. Childs rejoined them as had been agreed upon
when they parted company at the tavern of Jacob Fries. They
now compared opinions, and came to the unanimous conclu-
sion they would not be justified in further attempt to take
the rates in Milford township, on account of the violent op-
position of the inhabitants, led on b\' John Paries ; and the
principal assessor was to give notice of this determination to
the commissioners. They thereupon ceased to make assess-
ments in the township and turned their faces homeward on
the afternoon of March 6.

Meanwhile the insurgents coi^tinued their march toward
Ouakertown, where they arrived about noon, or shortly after.
In a little while the party of Capt. Kuyder was joined by
John Fries and companions and several otheis. They halted
at the tavern of Enoch Roberts, the same kept by Peter
Smith, 1859, '^>'li'-''i those on horseback dismounted, and, as
many as could, went into the house. The scene around the
tavern was one of noise and confusion, wliile those inside were
no less boisterous. They were hallooing, and cursing and
swearing ; the most violen.t were denouncing John Adams,
the house-tax, and the officers who were to execute the law ;
some were drumming and fifing, apparently endeavoring to
drown the hum of confused voices in the strains of martial
music, and numerous other wa}'s were resorted to, to give
vent to their feelings. The bar of Mr. Roberts was pretty
generously patronized, a!;d that licjuor flowed so freely the
excitement and confusion were increased. Paries, expect-
ing the assessors to come that way on their return home, he

5a THE FRIES REBELLION".

had made up his mind to arrest them if nothing- transpired
to interfere with his arrangements.

When the assessors ended their conference at Phihp Sing-
master's, after having assessed him, they started directly-
homeward, having to pass through Ouakertown their most
direct road. Messrs. Foulke and Rodrock rode together,
while Mr. Childs preceded them a short distance. When they
arrived at the village, they found it in possession of the
crowd of people already mentioned, under the control of John
Fries and Conrad Marks. Some were in uniform and others
in their usual working clothes ; some were armed with guns,
and others carried clubs. The noise and confusion they made
were heard some time before the assessors reached the town.
The testimony, given on the trial, shows they were congregated
at two public houses, one already mentioned as being kept by
Enoch Roberts, whereas the other was called " Zeller's tav-
ern." W^e have been at considerable trouble to locate this
latter public house, but have been unable to do so. The
house, in which Richard Green lived, 1859, *^" ^^"'^ ""•^'^^ ^^
the railroad station, is said to stand on the site of an old tav-
ern which may have been the one the witnesses called "Zel-
ler's." On the other hand it is said, by the old residents of
Quakertown, that Enoch Roberts had a son-in-law named N.
B. Sellers, who assisted him to keep the public house he then
occupied. The name of Zeller may have been intended for
Sellers, and is possibly a misprint in the report of the trial,
both meaning one and the same place.

When the insurgents saw the assessors coming they set up
a great shout, and, as soon as they had approached within
hailing distance, ordered them to stop. This they did not
heed, as they had determined not to place themselves in their
power if it could be avoided. As they entered the village
Messrs. Foulke and Rodrock separated, and did not ride in
together, Mr. Childs having already stopped at the house of a
rieighbor just on the edge of the town. Rodrock now rode
in advance, and, when he had passed about half through the
crowd, without giving lieed to their commands to stop, they
started to run after him from both sides of the road, some car-

THE FRIKS REBELLION. 3 1

rying clubs and others muskets, and made motions as if
they intended to strike him. John Fries was standing upon
the porch of the tavern, and when he saw Rodrock coming up
he called out to him to stop, but, paying no attention to it,
some of the men ran after him. The assessor, seeing himself
pursued, wheeled his horse and demanded of Fries what he
wanted with hiin. This seemed to excite the men the more,
and they replied to him with curses, and ordered him, in an
authoritative tone, to deliver himself up. To this he replied
he would not do it while they addressed him in such language
as they had applied to him. Some one in the crowd then
gave the order to fire at him, when two men standing ne<ir the
tavern door pointed their guns but did not fire. He now rode
off toward home, and when they saw him making his escape,
they again commanded him to stop; some making demonstra-
tions to get their horses and pursue him, but they did not.
When he reached the house of Daniel Penrose, seeing Jacob
Fries and John Jamieson there, he halted and related to them
what had taken place. He appeared to be much alarmed ;
said that Foulke and Childs had been captured, and was afraid
they would be killed. He requested Jamieson to return to
the village, and prevent them being hurt, which he declined
doing unless Rodrock would accompan}' him; but he was
finally prevailed upon to go. He found the two assessors iii
tlie hands of the mob but not injured.

The other two assessors were less fortunate both falling into
the hands of the enemy. As Mr. Foulke, who wms some little
wRvs in the rear of Mr. Rodock, approached Roberts' tavern,
the crowd ran out to surround him. Some took hold of the
horse's bridle, while others, among them Captain Ku)'der.
seized his person. John Fries came up at this moment and
commanded him to dismount, saying that he desired to speak
to him, while the surrounding crowd demanded he should be
pulled off his horse. There was great danger of violent hands
being laid on him, and he began to be alarmed at his situation.
At this critical moment, the two Hoovers, John and Jacob,
came to his assistance, and interfered with the excited multi-
tude in his behalf. They ordered the mob to desist from their

32 THE FRIES REBELLION.

insults, and let Mr. Foulke alone, who would get off his horse
without any compulsion. They gave the insurgents to under-
stand the assessors would not be injured while they could pro-
tect them. Their resolute conduct somewhat silenced the
crowd. Mr. Foulke deemed it the best policy to comply with
their demands, inasmuch as he was not in a condition to help
himself, and therefore rode up to the tavern shed, where he
dismounted, tied his horse, and went into the house. The
crowd followed him and soon the bar-room was filled. Now
Fries reminded him that he had warned him the day before not
to assess the houses in Milford township, and yet they had done
so contrary to his orders. He then demanded Foulke's
papers, which were delivered to Fries, who, after reading,
carefully returned, them. The assessor was now suffered to
depart. Fries escorting him through the people to his horse,
and holding the bridle while he mounted, when he rode off.
Fries admitted to Foulke that he had violated the law, proba-
bly enough to endanger his life, and told him that he might
" return him to the Court if he wanted to do so."

It will be remembered that Mr. Childs did not accompany
Rodrock and Foulke into Quakertown, but stopped at the
edge of it — at the house of Esquire Griffith, who lived where
Joseph R. Lancaster resided, 1859, where he dismounted
and went in. As he was getting off his horse, Mrs. Griffith
came out of the house and told him the people had come to
make him and the others prisoners, and there was a large crowd
in the village waiting to catch them. A few moments after he
entered the house, a little girl came into the room and said
the insurgents were taking Mr. Foulke, and, upon going to
the window, saw them all around him. When he saw the
danger which menaced his companions, he was going out to
assist them, but the family persuaded him to remain where he
was, and not place himself in unnecessary danger. In a little
while John Fries came to the house and saluted Childs in a
friendly manner, but told him he must accompany him to where
his men were ; and, as he had not the power to resist, concluded
he might as well yield with as good grace as possible, and
thereupon consented to go. As they walked along, Fries said

THE FRIES REBKLEION. 33

to Childs he had told him }'e.sterday not to go to another
house, and now they had come to make him prisoner if they
found he intended to go on with the assessments. Childs re-
plied that he and the others were obliged to fulfil their office,
unless interrupted by force. When they entered the tavern,
Fries addressed himself to his men and Childs, saying: " Here
are my men — here is one of them." Going into the bar-room
he seated himself upon a table and soon there were several
around him One man damned him and said he should go to
the liberty pole and dance around it. During this time they
were crowding upon him and pushing, and he received several
thumps with the knees and fists. At first he was taken for
Rodrock, but when it was discovered he was not, they cursed
him anew for being somebody else. He then made himself known
as Cephus Childs, when some one remarked he was no better
than the others. They asked him a multitude of questions
about the assessments; how the people liked it where he had
been, whether he had taken the oath of allegiance to the
United States, &c., &c. That the reader may judge of the
temper the people were in, we make the following extract
from the testimony of Mr. Childs, given on the trial:

"They damned the house tax and the stamp act, and called
me a 'stampler,' repeatedly; they damned the Alien and Se-
dition laws, and finally all the laws; the government and all
the laws the present government had made. They damned
the Constitution, also. They did not mention what constitu-
tion, whether of this .State or of the United States. They
damned the Congress, and damned the President, and all the
friends to government, because they were all tories, as none
were friends to the present government but the tories. They
said they would not have the government, nor the President,
and they would not live under such a damned government ;
'we will have Washington;' others said no, 'No, we will
have Jefferson, he is a better man than Adams; huzzah for
Jefferson.' "

Those assembled continued in this strain, and constantly
expressed themselves as opposed to the law, and their deter-
mination to resist its execution. They boasted that every

34 THE FRIES REBELLION.

man in Northampton county would assist them except a few
tories, and that between Quakertown and the Delaware, they
could raise ten thousand men; and further that General Wash-
ington had sent them word that he had twenty thousand men
to assist them. Some spoke in German and others in English.
After John Freis took Mr. Childs into the house, he left him
among the crowd and went out again, being gone some time.
When he returned he apologized to him for the manner in
which his men had used him. He then took him into an in-
ner room where there were but few people, and demanded his
assessment papers. He gave him some papers he had about
him, but which did not refer to the collection of taxes, when
Fries gave a shout and told his men he had got what they
wanted. He then went out of the room, most of his men fol-
lowing him. The crowd were gone but a short time when
they returned without Fries, shouting, and rushed up to Childs
and took hold of him. Some were armed with clubs, guns,
pistols, &c., and others had swords. Daniel Weidner, whose
house he had assessed in the morning, v/as with them, who in-
sisted upon Childs surrendering to him the assessment he had
made of his house, but he did not give it up. They again
took hold of him and shook him severely ; and one man came
forward and said he should be shot. Conrad Marks was pres-
ent armed with a sword, who made many threats, but did not
attempt to put any of them into execution. Childs attempted
to reason with them, but it had little if any effect toward paci-
fying them. During this proceeding. Fries returned into the
room and gave back the papers to Childs, telling him at the
same time he must now go home, and never come back again
into the township to assess, or he would be shot. To this he
replied that he had left the township with a view of not re-
turning to it again unless compelled to do so by authority, and
that, from their present treatment, as he would never be likely
to come back without such authority, they might have leave
to shoot him. They then told him they wi'shed him and Mr.
Foulke to inform the government what had been done, as soon
as they pleased. After a little more parleying they gave him
his liberty, when he rode off, glad enough to make his escape
from such unpleasant comj^any.

THE FRIES REBELLION, 35

There is some discrepance, as regards what took place at
Ouakertown the day the assessors were captured, between the
records of the transaction and the relation of those wlio have
a recollection of the event. We had interviews with some of
the oldest inhabitants of that section upon the subject, and
find them at variance with the testimony drawn from other
sources. They state that the assessors were chased to Quak-
ertown by Fries and his party, and that he snapped his gun
three times at Mr. Foulke; that the latter sprang from his
horse at the porch of Enoch Roberts' tavern and ran in, when
they hid him in the cellar, where he remained concealed until
ten o'clock, when he was released and ran home. Another
version has it that he was hid under the counter in the bar-
room, and that Fries hunted all through the house, but was
unable to find him; that they got Fries, Haney and Getman
drunk, when Foulke stole out and went home. Still another
story is that he was kept confined in a stable, and that Mr.
Childs was sent to inform his wife, but was afraid to go into
the house, and walked in the yard until ten o clock at night,
when Foulke came home. These statements differ so widely,
from the evidence given on the trial, we have thought it best
to follow the testimony, believing that to be the nearest cor-
rect, because it was related under oath soon after the events
happened. One circumstance is told by those who remember
the difficulty, which seems so reasonable it is probabl)' true ;
that a man named Everhart pointed his gun at P'oulke, while
they had him imprisoned at the tavern, but was so drunk he
fell over while doing so. l"hey afterward examined the gun,
and found that the ball had been put in the bottom, and the
powder on top.

The circumstances which took place at Ouakertown decided
the assessors to make no further attempt to take assessments
in Milford, as they were convinced it would lead to difficulty,
and, possibly, bloodshed. In other parts of the county the
law was quietly acquiesced in, and the officers discharged their
duty peaceably, but it was, nevertheless, very unpopular and
odious. For the time being, Fries and his friends had pre-
vented the execution of the law in the disaffected district, but

36 THE FRIES REBELLION.

as far as we have been able to learn, no public outrages were
committed, and their only desire seemed to be to prevent the
officers, by intimidation, from making the assessments.

The foregoing embraces the proceedings of the insurrection-
ists, or insurgents, while opposing the execution of the house
tax law in Milford. It will be noticed their whole conduct
was of that earnest character which marks the actions of men
who are sincere in what they are doing. While there was,
naturally, considerable noise and confusion attendant upon
their conduct, and high excitement prevailing, there was no
unnecessary disturbance, and nothing that can properly be
called violence. Rude they were, but not to an extent to
create a breach of the peace. We have every reason to believe
they considered the law of the most oppressive character, and
their minds had probably been inflamed against it by the mis-
representation of others. This opinion had been formed be-
fore they had an opportunity to learn its provisions and opera-
tions, and they were afterward either too much prejudiced, or
their pride would not permit them, to be rightly informed.
The law of itself was a mild one, and no one who examines it
at this day can see anything in it to cause such opposition to
it. The rates were light, and the burden of the tax fell upon
the shoulders of those who were the best able to bear it.
There was likewise a public necessity for that or a similar Act
of Congress, and it was necessary that the revenue should be in-
creased, as there was every probability of the government being
driven into a war with one of the most powerful nations of
Europe. The situation of the politics of the country had
something to do with the opposition that was raised against
the law. But recently, before their passage, the two statutes
known as the Alien and Sedition Laws had passed Congress,
which were received with a burst of indignation that had never
been equaled in the country. They brought the administra-
tion of Mr. Adams into great unpopularity, if not detestation.
The odium that rested upon these laws was reflected upon the
house tax, and thus it was condemned in advance because it
was found in bad company. Many honest people believed
that an Act of Congress taxing the country, emanating from

THE FRIES REBELLION. 37

the same government which had given them the Alien and
Sedition Laws, must naturally be a wicked one, and, they were
so well convinced of this, they were not open to persuasion to
the contrary. Another circumstance, in connection with the
manner in which the law was executed, had something to do
with its great unpopularity. The officers exceeded their du-
ties, and went beyond their instructions. The assessors were
only required, by law, to assess the hcniscs, lauds and slaves,
and were not directed to count the window lights of the
houses, which was a duty superadded by the officers who had
charge of affairs. The fact of the window lights being counted
created suspicion in the minds of the people that it was done
for the purpose of making them the subject of future taxation.
This, more than anything else, led to the meetings held by the
people, and, notwithstanding the unpopularity of the measure,
there would probably never have been any " insurrection " or
outbreak, had the assessors confined themselves to the duties
which the law required of them. The abuse of the law had
probably more to do with causing the disturbance than the
law itself.

fhe I'riel Rebellion.

CHAPTER IV.

Oppositicrn to the- Mouse- Tais Let^sr in
Northampton.

Having" recounted, in the preceeding chapter, the opposition
to the House Tax Law in Bucks county, and the disturbance
growing out of it, we shall now proceed to show what took
place in Northampton.

It will be remembered that Jacob Eyerley was appointed
commissioner for a district composed of the counties of North-
ampton,* Luzerne^ and Wayne.' As soon as the law was
passed, the people of Northampton manifested so much oppo-
sition to it, Commissioner Eyerley believed there would
be difificulty in carrying it out. This was before he had en-
tered upon the discharge of his duties. While at Reading, in
October, he was informed by the commissioner from Bucks,
that he had seen persons who had traveled through that coun-
ty, and in every tavern he stopped at, the law was the subject
of general conversation and denunciation, and great pains were
taken to find the friends of government, in order to pursuade
them not to accept the ofifice of assessor. In consequence of
this feeling there was great difficulty in finding suitable per-
sons for these appointments. He selected one in each town-
ship, taking the most suitable for the duties, from all the in-

1 Northampton county was cut off from Bucks, 1752.

2 Luzerne county was cut off from Northumberland, by Act of September 25, 1786, and
so named in honor of the Chevelier De la Luzerne, then French Minister to the United
States. Its original territory embraced 5000 square miles, but its present area is but
1427. A portion of the celebrated Wyoming Valley lies within it.

3 Wayne county was organized by the Act of March 21, 1798, out of a portion of North-
ampton, and named after General Anthony Wayne. The original area was 1300 square

miles.

(38)

THE FRTES REBELLIOX,

formation he could get. Commissions were immediately sent
them, with notice to meet the commissioner to receive instruc-
tions. At that time the commissioner did not believe the
state of things was as bad in Northampton as he afterward
found it to be. The disaffection in Bucks had spread over the
line into some of the neighboring tov^niships of the adjoininct
county, and the people had become as hostile to the tax as
Fries and his neighbors.

Commissioner Eyerley divided Northampton into three dis-
tricts and first met the assessors November 3, at Nazareth'.
Two were absent, and some of those present asked to be ex-
cused from serving, on account of the hostility of the people
and the assessors fear of injury. As the commissioner had
no authority to relieve them they were not excused. Findin<T
them misinformed of the nature and operation of the law
the commissioner took great pains to disabuse their minds,
and, with such success, they consented to serve, and were
given instructions. The following day he met the assessors of
the second district at Allentown,"* all being present but one.
The same difficulty met him here he had to contend with at
Nazareth, disinclination to accept for the same reason, oppo-
sition of the people to the law, and fear of being assaulted,
should they attempt to make the assessments. With a
good deal of difficulty those present were induced to accept
the appointments. As it was taken for granted the absent
assessor, a Mr. Home, did not intend to accept, a blank com-
mission was left with Mr. Balliott, a prominent resident of the
county, with authority to appoint some suitable man in place
of Mr. Home. The assessors of the first district were met
November 6, in Chestnut Hill township, with two absentees.

■• Nazareth, a village of a few hundred inhabitants, in Northampton county, ten miles
from Bethlehem, was founded by the Moravians, 1775. The first house erected was a
spacious stone mansion for the residence of Count Zingendorf. The building was con-
verted into a school, 1785, and, from that time, known as' " Nazareth Hall," a cele-
brated boarding school for boys.

^ AUentown was laid out by James Allen, 1762, after whom it was named, and
called Northampton until 1838, when the present name was adopted. It is the county
seat of Lehigh, and situated on the right bank of the Lehigh river. It is one of the most
beautiful inland cities in the State.

40 THE FRIES REBELLION.

One of these was a Mr. Kearne, of Easton," but as it was not
convenient for him to accept, he named a Mr. Snyder, who
was only commissioned. He met with the others the same
day; accepted the appointment and served. lie stated there
was much opposition to the law in his section of the county,
and he did not understand it very well himself, but would do
the best he could. The commissioner took considerable pains
to explain the provisions of the law, which entirely satisfied
him. He now became quite warm in its favor, and said he
would ride fifty miles if it were necessary to accept the ap-
pointment, since he had been wrongly informed, about the law
in the first place. The assessor from Hamilton township did
not seem willing to accept his appointment, and it required a
good deal of explanation and persuasion to overcome his dis-
inclination. He at last consented, however, accepted his com-
mission, and received his instructions.

In Northampton county the principal part of the opposition
to the law was in the townships of Heidelberg, VVeisenberg,
Lynn, Low Hill, Penn, Moore, Upper Milford and Hamilton.
In four districts it was of such violent character the law
was not executed until after the troops were marched into
them, and, in some of them, the people were almost unani-
mous against it. In Moore township, the opposition was only
among a portion of the inhabitants, and, when the assessor
was opposed when making the assessment, he called a town
meeting and took the sense of the people. The assessor of
Penn township did not meet the commissioners, but refused
to accept the appointment in view of the difficulties in his
way. Some time elapsed before any one could be found wil-
ling to accept the office, but, finally, one bold enough to as-
sume the responsibility, i)resented himself and he was com-
missioned and qualified. When the people of the township

" Easton, the seat of justice of Northampton county, situated at the confluence of the
Delaware and Lehigh, at what was known as " Forks of Delaware," was laid out by
William Parsons, 1752. A ferry was established here as early as 1739, by David
Martin, of Trenton, N. J., at which time a few log houses were standing on the present
site of the town. A jail was completed, 1755, and the first court house erected,
1766. Easton has been the county seat since the organization of the county, 1752. It
is tile seat of Lafayette College, chartered, 1826.

THE FRIES REBELLIOK. 4I

heard that another person had been appointed in place of the
one first named, and had undertaken to discharge the duties
of the office, they became very violent and threatened him
with personal injury. The leaders of the opposition collected
a number of the disaffected into a mob, who waited upon
the assessor, and gave him to understand harm would be done
him if he attem[)ted to take the rates. This demonstration
intimidated him to such degree he resigned, and declined to
have anything more to do with it. The hostility to the law
continued so great in this townshi[), the assessments were
not made until sometime late in the spring of 1 799, and after
the presence of a military force had completely quelled every-
thing like opposition.

The spirit of insubordination first manifested itself a little
while before the general election, when meetings were held in
different parts of the county to take action upon the subject.
At one of these meetings the officers of the militia were in-
vited to be present, and their co-operation, as the leaders of
the military of the country, was earnestly desired. The lead-
ing object was to nominate candidates opposed to the law. At
this meeting several resolutions were passed, one recommend-
ing the circulation of petitions asking a repeal of the Alien
and Sedition Laws and the land tax. The proceedings were
published in the newspapers and circulated among the people.
A petition was given to each of the captains of militia to get
signers. On the day of election the p-eople turned out very
generally, and, in most of the districts, the ()])position to the
government was so general, its friends dare not say a word in
its favor for fear of being abused. The anti-administration
candidates were elected, by considerable majorities, and the
people, generally, rejoiced at their success.

In Hamilton township, the people were so much enraged at
Nicholas Michael, the assessor, for accepting the appointment,
they went in large numbers to his house at night to do him
bodily injury, but, being informed of their intention, he sought
safety in flight. The next day he went to the commissioner
and made complaint of the treatment he had received, ten-
dered his resignation, and begged its acceptance. This was

42 THE FRIES REBELLION.

declined; he was told to return to his duty, and he would be
protected in the discharge of it. He accompanied the com-
missioner to Easton, to see Mr. Sitgreaves, the United States
Attorney for the district, before whom he intended to make
afifidavit in order to have some of the evil-disposed placed un-
der arrest. Mr. Sitgreaves not being at home, they went to
Judge Traill,' an associate judge of the county; but, when
they arrived there, Michael became alarmed and begged to be
allowed until the next morning to consider the matter; say-
ing, that if he informed against the people, he and his family
would be ruined. Tn the morning he wished to be put in jail
to be kept from danger, so great were his fears, but his request
was not complied with.

In the present state of excitement the commissioner deemed
it advisable to call a public meeting, at which the people
could come together and have the law explained to them, as
he was of opinion, the greater part of the opposition arose
from a misconception of its provisions. With this object in
view, he gave Mr. Michael a letter to take to the constable of
the township, requesting him to fix the time and place for
the meeting, and to give proper and timely notice thereof.
Mr. Eyerley promised to be present to explain the law to such
as did not understand it. The constable, accordingly, an-
nounced the meeting to be held at the public house of a Mr.
Heller, and the time fixed was a few days before New Year's,
but we have not been able to ascertain the precise day. The
commissioner was present according to promise, being accom-

' Robert Traill was born on one of the Orkney Islands, April 29, 1744, and was the
son of a clergyman. He came lo America, 1763, reaching Philadelphia the 25th of De-
cember. He shortly went to Easton where he was occupied in a store, taught school a
year; then studied law, and was admitted to the bar, 1777. He took an active part in the
Revolution, and was Secretary of the County Committee of Safety from 1776 to 1778;
was appointed a justice of the peace, 1777, and military storekeeper at Easton, March
II, 1778. He was sheriff of the county from 1781 to 1784; member of the Assembly
for the sessions of 1785-86; member of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania,
1786-88; and was commissioned one of the Associate Judges of Northampton, holding
the office from May 14, 1796, to January 22, 1798, when he resigned. Judge Traill died
at Easton, July 31, 1816. He filled a large space in public estimation, exerted a wide in-
infiuence and was distinguished for his probity of character. His descendants, in the
female line, live at Easton, one of them being Dr. Traill Green.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 43

panied into the township by William Henry/ one ol the Asso-
ciate Judges of Northampton. When they arrived at the
place of meeting they found some seventy persons assembled,
aniong them three or four in unifoim, whose arms were
stacked behind the tavern door. After the meeting was or-
ganized, Mr. Eyerie}' arose and stated that he had come there
as tlieir friend, to explain the house tax l.nv, that they might
no longer be in ignorance of its provisions. He and Judge
Henry then proceeded to explain the statutes as the}' under-
stood tliem, but with little effect, as the peoi)le were not dis-
posed to listen to any explanation that would be likely to give
them a more favorable opinion of the odious kiw. The}' hated
it, and did not wish to think well of it. In order to reconcile
the people, to the assessment of the rates, he proposed they
should elect an assessor of their own ; this tliey refused to
do, saying, if the}' did, it would amount to submission to the
law, which they did not mean to make. The assessor already
appointed was anxious to resign, but this he was not allowed
to do, as no one could be found who would accept the ap-
pointment in his place.

In Upper Milford," the people opposed to the law held a
township meeting and appointed a committee of three to wait
upon the assessor when he should begin thr a<sc-<sment, and
request him to desist; and cdiiuit the last of U.'Ccmber, when
he began the work, he was met by this committee and in-
formed he could not proceed. No violence was offered, but
he was given to understand he would not be permitted to
carry out the law. He immediately wrote the commissioner

>* William Henry, son of Williatn ami Ann Henry, was burn at Lancaster, Pa., March
12, 1757. In 1778 lie enf:;aged in the mannfacture of fire-ainis in Northampton county,
and in kSo8 erected a forge in which the first iron manufactured in the county was drawn
March 9, iSog. In 1813 he built the Boulton Gini Worlds on the Bushkill, which
are still continued by his descendants of the name. Mr. Henry was commissioned Janu-
ary 14, 1788, a justice of the peace and Judge of the Courts of Common I'leas and Quar-
ter Sessions of the county. He resigned 1814. In 1792 he was elected one of the Presi-
dential electors of the State and cast his vote for Washington for President. He removed
to Philadelphia, 1818, where he died April 21, 1821.

" Upper Milford, a township of Lehigh county, but originally in Rucks until North-
ampton was cut off, was organized, 17,58. There were two Milfords, L'i)i)er and Lower,
the former falling in Northampton on the division of Bucks, 1752. Cjermai s settled hcie
in the first quarter of the last century.

44 THE FRIES REBELLION.

informing him' of the situation of affairs, and asked adv^'ce as
to the course to be pursued. The latter again thought it ad-
visable to have a public meeting called, at which he would
make another effort to explain the law to the people, and en-
deavor to satisfy them with its provisions. He directed the
assessor to give notice to John Schymer, Moretz and other
leading men of the township, that he would meet them at such
time and place as they might appoint. The place fixed upon
was the house of Mr. Schymer, date not known. When the
time arrived the commissioner ;:et out for the place of meet-
ing, accompanied by Judge Henry, and, when he arrived within
four miles of it, he was met by a friend who advised him not
to attend, saying the people were so violent his life would be
endangered, but he disregarded the warning and kept on. He
found some 75 men assembled at the house of Schymer, sev-
eral of them having French cockades in their hats, showing
very plainly which side they took in politics.

One of the petitions, which a previous meeting had recom-
mended should be circulated for signatures, was handed the
commission who read it to the people. Sorrte of them, upon
hearing it, said it was not such a petition as they had been led
to believe it was, as it mentioned nothing about the stamp
act. As there was a report in circulation that the act was not
in force, Mr. Eyerley read it in German, and explained to them
it was their duty to submit to it. One, George .Shaeffer, deny-
ing that it was a law, the question was submitted to the de-
cision of Mr. Schymer, who, being a justice of the peace, had
considerable influence over the minds of the people. Shaeffer
was inclined to be noisy and created a disturbance, and he and
others used abusive language to the assessor, Mr. Heckcweld-
er,'° accusing him, among other things, of having been a tory
during the Revolution. Mr. Eyerley proposed that inasmuch
as they were opposed to the present assessor, he would give
them the privilege of electing one of their own number, to
whom he would give the appointment. This they declined,

1" Heckewelder, ^^ ho lived at Emaus, now in Lehigh county, was appointed one of the
assessors for Upper Milford cr Salisbury, probably the latter. He was doubtless a son,
or grandson, of Heckewelder, the Moravian divine.

THE FRIES REBELLION 45

sayinj^: "We will do no such thing; if we do, we at once ac-
knowledge that we submit to the law, and that is what we will
not do." Three of the Shaeffers made demonstrations to beat
Heckewelder, but were deterred by the interference of others,
and he was allowed to go away without injury. The commis-
sioner, even with the countenance of Mr. Schymer and several
other well disposed persons present, found it impossible to
reconcile the multitude to the law, and he returned home a
second time without having effected an}'thing. The oppo-
sition to the law in this township, likewise, was not overcome
until the presence of troops intimidated them into submission,
when the rates were taken without further trouble.

Resistance to the enforcement of the law had now reached
that stage it became necessary for the authorities to take
some notice of it. About January 15, 1799, Judge Henry, at
the request of Commissioner Eyerley, and upon complaint of
the assessors that they found it impossible to proceed in the
execution of their duty, issued a number of subpcenas to bring
persons, cognizant of the opposition to the execution of the
laws, before him that he might make a careful examination of
the cause of complaint and ascertain its truth. The witnesses
who appeared were generally very reluctant to give informa-
tion, being afraid the insurgents would do them some injury.
The Judge made appointment to meet a nun.ber of persons at
Trexlertown," to inquire fuither into the matter, and a con-
sideral)le crowd assembled. Among those present was pait of
a company of light horse under Captain Jarrett.'" The men
were mostly in uniform, and many of them noisy and impu-
dent. The Judge was attended by the commissioner and Mr.
Balliott. They, who were present, paid little respect to the
officers but ridiculed, and made fun of them. F"rom the indi-
cations at this meeting, it was evitlent the disturbance could
not be quelled by the local officers, and it was thought best to

" Trexlertown, in Lehigh county, but, at that time, in Northampton, is a small post
village, eight miles from AUentown, on the Catasauqua and Fogelsville railway. It is
in a rich agricultural region.

'■■' Although Captain Jarrett was evidently a man of some prominence in the communi-
ty, we have not been able to obtain any information concerning him beyond that found in
the text. The company he commanded was a local volunteer organization. Henry Jar-
rett, probably a relative, commanded a troop of light horse at Marcus Hook, 1814.

46 THE FRIES REBELLION".

appeal to the Federal authority. The steps now about to be
taken changed the aspect of affairs. Hitherto, it was consid-
ered but a local disaffection to a law of questionable expedi-
ency, and improperly understood, and which, in due time,
would subside and be heard of no more. Down to this point
it had hardly attracted public attention outside of the rural
districts where the opposition was made, and neither State nor
Federal Government had given it consideration. It now as-
sumed National importance, and what shortly before, was un-
worthy the attention of politicians or statesmen, became a
matter of great moment. The action of Judge Henry was the
incipient step that changed the affair to an insurrection, and
converted the opponents of the house-tax law^ into insurgents
and traitors to their country.

Mr. Sitgreaves, United States District Attorney, was sent a
number of the depositions he had caused to be taken to Judge
Peters," of the United States District Court, Philadelphia.
This was some time in February, and the first ofTficial informa-
tion the Judge received on the subject, although he had be-
fore heard of it as a matter of news. He exam.ined a few wit-
nesses in addition to the affidavits, and, from the facts elicited,
thought it his duty to issue warrants for the parties. Being
much engaged he directed the District Attorney to draw up
the form of warrants for his approval and signature. It had
been decided, that, in order to ease the minds of the people,
the warrants should be drawn in the nature of an order for the
defendant to appear before some justice of the peace, or judge
of the county, and give bail for appearance at the Cncuit
Court of the United State--, but circumstances prevented it.
After this had been decided upon, it came to the know ledge
of the authorities that several of the magistrates themselves
were disaffected, and others were prevented doing their duty
through fear of injury. The Judge also had scruples as to the
legality of the measure, whether persons, arrested on his w;;r-
rants, could be taken before an inferior magistrate While his

13 Richard Peters was born in Philadelphia, 1744; admitted to the bar, 1763; ap-
pointed a Justice of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Penn-
sylvania, 1792, and died on the Bench, 1828, after continued service of 36 years.

THE FRIES REBELLION.

mind was in doubt, he received additional information of the
state of the people in the disaffected districts, and this induced
him, both to make a change in the form of the warrants and
the procedure under it. The warrants were now to be made
returnable to Judge Peters' Court.

The ^m^ Rebellion.

CHAPTER V.

The Marst\al N4 cities Arrests in NortlT^arn ptor^.

When the form of the warrants was agreed upon, they were
made out and put into the hands of Colonel Nichols,' United
States Mar.slial, to be served. This was about January 25,
and the Marshal was directed to proceed to Northampton
county immediately and make the arrests. lie left Philadel-
phia on the 26th, serving a few subpoenas on the road, in or-
der to collect evidence, reaching Nazareth on Maich 1st.
Here the Marshal met Commissioner Eyerley, and told
him of the object of his visit, requesting him to go with
him to serve the warrants executed. Those placed in his hands
being only for the arrest of persons in Northampton county.
The next morning, accompanied by Eyerley, and Eyerman, the
Marshal set out to execute the warrants. They went first
into Lehigh township, where twelve were arrested, all against
Avhom they had process, but five others came in afterward and
gave themselves up. Their offence being resistence to the ex-
ecution of the house-tax law. They then returned to Bethle-
hem, where they were met by Colonel Balliott.

The Marshal's party next went to Macungie township,
where they had no difificulty until they came to the house of
George Snyder, near Emaus,^ on whom the Marshal wished
to serve a subpoena. Snyder and his wife used abusive

1 Samuel Nichols was appointed U. S. Marshal of Pennsylvania, April lo, 1795 ;
qualified May i8th, and confirmed June 26th. He served one term of four years ; was
reappointed durinjj a recess of the Senate, June 26th, 1799, and succeeded, Dec. 6th,
1799, by John Hall. The State had not yet been divided into two districts. His county
is not given.

2 Emaus is a small town, lying at the foot of South Mountain, five miles south-
east of Allentown, on the East Penn. railroad. The Moravians organized a church here,
1747, the house in which they worshipped being built as early as 1742.

(48)

THE FRIES REBELLION. 49

language toward them, the woman taking the lead. The
husband came out of his house with a club, and positively re-
fused to receive the subpoena. He called the Marshal and the
men with him rascals and highway robbers, and, upon being
told he was only wanted to go to Philadelphia as a witness, he
refused with an oath. The Marshal finding he could do noth-
ing with him requested Daniel Swartz's son to read and ex-
plain the subpoena to him, and leaving it with him to be served
if it were possible. Thence they proceeded to Millarstown,'
a few miles' distant. On the road they stopped at the house
of the Rev. Mr. VanBuskirk," where they left their horses and
walked into the town. The Marshal had a warrant for George
Shaeffer, active in opposing the law, and to whose house they
next proceeded to arrest him, but he was not at home. Not meet-
ing with success in this case they went to the tavern, where a
considerable number of people had assembled.

They now made an attempt to arrest a man named Shank-
wyler, who also lived in Millarstown. The Marshal and Com-
missioner walked over to his house, leaving Mr. Eyerman at

3 Millarstown, now called Macungie, signifying " the feeding place of bears," and laid
out by Peter Millar about 1776, is situated at the foot of South Mountain on the East
Penn. railroad, nine miles from Allentown. It was incorporated in 1857.

* Jacob VanP.uskirk, a native of Holland, settled with his family on a tract lie pur-
chased in Lower Macungie township, Lehigh county, November 19, 1784. The borough
of Macungie now occupies the same land. I do not know the maiden name of his wife,
but she was a sister of the great-grandmother of the late General Hartranft. He preached
for the Lehigh Church at Germantown, and at the Trappe, visiting his congregations on
horseback. He built, and, for several years operated, the tannery at Macungie, owned by
his great-grandson, James Singmaster. He had three sons and four daughters; George
became a physician, and settled at Pottstown; Jacob removed to New York State, where
he died; John, the third son, settled in Virginia, afterward came to Philadelphia and
kept an hotel. He married a Miss Eckhart, of Berks county. Of the daughters, Lydia
married Adam Singmaster, of Millarstown, and, after his death, Daniel Good, of Upper
Milford; another married John Shimer, of Shimersville, Northampton county, E. S.
• Shimer, Mayor of Allentown, being a grand-son. Mr. VanBuskirk was an ardent sup-
' porter of John Adams' Administration, and, during the excitement of the " Fries Rebel-
lion," 1798, an attempt was made on his life. While sitting at home, surrounded by his
family, a bullet was sent crashing through the window, but he luckily escaped injury. He
was buried at North Wales, and his wife at the Lehigh Church. Adam Singmaster, who
married the daughter Lydia, was a descendant, probably a son, of John Adam Zang-
miester, who came from Wurtumburg in the good ship , " Patience," Hugh Steelmaster,
September 19, 1749, and settled in Bucks county. Adam, when a young man, went to
Millarstown, where he obtained employment in Rev. Jacob VanBuskirk's family, and
afterward married the daughter.

50 THE frip:s rebellion.

the tavern. They had not intimated they desired to ar-
rest him, but when they left the tavern the people suspected
their intention and followed them in a crowd to the number
of about fifty. They went in advance of the officers, and,
reaching the house before them, filled the large room. When
the Marshal arrived a friend pointed out Shankwyler to Col.
Nichols, but observing what was going on, he withdrew into
the crowd, with the intention of hiding himself from view;
but the Marshal followed him, and, putting his hand upon
his shoulder, informed him he was a prisoner, in the name of
the United States, announcing himself as the United States
Marshal for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Shank-
wyler, having no idea of being captured without some resist-
ance, broke loose from the Marshal and fled toward the barn.
He proclaimed he would not injure the Marshal, but made
threats against Eyerley and Balliott, toward whom he mani-
fested great hostility. The people became much excited at
this proceeding, and many cried out in German, "Strike!
Strike!" Some said if he were taken out of his house they
would fight as long as they had a drop of blood in their
bodies. They seemed inclined to lay violent hands upon
Balliott, and one of the crowd presumed to pull the cockade
from his hat. The Marshal warned them of the consequences
of their attempting to strike, and reasoned with them upon
their riotous conduct. Finding that himself and companions
were in danger, the Marshal unbuttoned his coat, that the
people might see a pair of jDistols he had with him, and also in
order that he might be able to grasp them quickly, should he
find it necessary to use them. The determined manner of the
Marshal had its effect, and the crowd became quieter. Shank-
wyler refused to accompany the Marshal to Bethlehem, and
swore he would resist the authorities of the United States, let
the consequences be what they might. He was told such a
course would ruin himself and family, and be the destruction
of his property, to wliich he replied that his father had fought
against the stamp act, and he would resist the tax law which
was supported by none but tories and the friends of government.
At last he was prevailed upon to promise to meet the Mar-

THE FRIES REBELLION. 5 1

shal at Rcthlchem, but coultl not be induced to sa\' that he
would submit or surrender himself. Seein<T that nothin<^>-
further could be accomplished there, the officers took their
leave. As they left the house the people set up a shout and
hurrahed for " Liberty." The Marshal now continued on his
round-^. He procured a constable to show him where Adam
Stephen, Herman H.irtman, and Daniel Everl}% for whom he
had warrants, lived. Having arrested these persons he and
his party returned to Bethlehem, where they arrived on the
evening of March 6. Bethlehem was his headcpiarters, and
here he had his prisoners confined.

Bethlehem, the place of confinement of the Marshal's
prisoners, was such an important point at that day it will not
do to pass it by with a mere mention of its name, but deserves
something more. It stands on the north bank of the Lehigh,
Northampton county, twelve mdles above where the river
empties into the Delaware. Here was made the first permanent
settlement of the Moravians in North America. The first
tree was felled on the spot where Bethlehem stands Dec. 22,
1740, by a small party from Nazareth. The cold was intense,
the snow lay deep on the ground ; and through the winter
they encountered many privations and hardships. By the
opening of spring a small log house was completed. On Sep-
tember 8, 1 741, the corner-stone of a second, and much more
commodious, house, was laid with interesting religious cere-
monies. The first house stood until 1823, when it was torn
down to make room for the Eagle Hotel stables; but the
second has weathered the storms of nearly one hundred and
sixty years, and still stands as a monument of the founding of
Bethlehem. The first tree to build the first house was cut
down by David Nitschman, who was born in Moravia, Sep-
tember 18, 1676, and died at Bethlehem, April 14, 1758. He
was the first bishop of the brethren in America, and officiated
at the laying of the corner-stone of the second building in
1741.

A recent writer speaking of this interesting building says :
"Here, as in a common home, lived, side-by-side, the artisan
and man of leisure — a little company met together from the

52 THE FRIES REBELLION.

various walks of life, self-denying and devoted men, actuated
by one spirit, and that the spirit of mutual love for Christ.
Here lived for a number of years the elders of the congrega-
tion, its bishdps and ministers. Here they met in conference
to deliberate on the condition of the Lord's work in their
midst, and abroad among the Indian tribes. Its walls have
echoed to the voice of Zinzendorf,^ and, for fifteen years was
the home of that great and good man, the worthy Bishop
Spangenberg." In the little hall on the second floor, the place
of worship for the congregation as late as 175 1, Spangenberg
presided on two occasions at interviews with deputations from
the rude tribes of Wyoming Valley.' Nanticokes and Shaw-
nese, dressed in all their savage finery of feathers and painted
deerskin, had come to see the home of the intrepid mission-
ary, whose lonely canoe they had encountered on the upper
waters of the Susquehanna, to smoke the friendly pipe, and
assure him of their good-will in a covenant of peace and mu-
tual friendship."

^ Count Zinzendorf, founder of the Moravian Colony north of the Lehigh, and descend-
ed of a noble Austrian family, was born at Dresden, Saxony, May 26, 1700. He was
educated ar Halle and the University of Wittenberg, and afterward spent some time in
traveling. He was married in 1732 to the Countess Von Reuss, and became a convert to
the Moravian faith shortly afterward. He landed at New York, December 2, 1741,
reaching Philadelphia the loth, and Bethlehem the 24th. He immediately became an
object of general interest and was recognized as the head of the Moravian movement
lately initiated in the province. In June, 1742, he organized the Moravian congregation
at Bethlehem, and preached his farewell sermon at Philadelphia, December 31, leaving
the same evening for New Yark to embark for Europe, where he died May 9, 1760. He
was accompanied to America by his daughter Benigna.

' Augustus Gottlieb Spangenberg, a bishop of the Unitas Fratrum, or Moravian Church,
was born at Klettenberg, Prussia, July 15, 1704, and died at Bershelsdorf, Saxony, Septem-
ber 18, 1792. He graduated at Jena, where he later became a professor, and also at Halle.
In 173s he led the first Moravian colonists to Georgia. Having been appointed to preside
over the Moravian Churches in America, he was raised to the episcopalcy in 1744 and
arrived at Bethlehem, Pa., the same year. In 1760 he was recalled to Europe to take a
seat in the Supreme Board of the Church over which body he presided twenty-three years.
He may justly be called the founder of the Moravian Church in America. He was a
learned theologian, a man of great power, and a writer of many historical and theological
works.

' The Wyoming Valley, so famous in history and song, lies along the Susquehanna,
and spreads about Wilkesbarre, the county seat of Luzerne. In it took place the bloody
massacre of its inhabitants by Indians, in 1778, and avenged in 1779 by an army under
General Sullivan. Campbell's "Gertrude of Wyoming" has made this valley almost as
famous as the Vale of Cashmers.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 53

Bethlehem was originally intended as a place of rendezvous
for the missionaries among the Delaware and Mohican In-
dians, which it held for twenty years, but, at the end of that
time, became the seat of the Moravian congregation, organ-
ized by Count Zinzendorf. A school for girls was opened as
early as 1749, but the boarding school was not commenced
until 1785, and is still in operation.

During the Revolutionary War Bethlehem ivas often visited
by American troops, and upon more than one occasion the
brethren were sufferers from military exactions. On the re-
treat of Washington through New Jersey, December, 1776,
Lee's divison, under the command of General Sullivan, after
crossing the Delaware, came to this place, where it encamped
on the 17th, and La Fayette spent some time there to recover
from the wound received at Brandywine.

In the spring of 1778, the single Sisters presented to Count
Pulaski an elegant embroidered banner, which was borne at
the head of his regiment until he fell at Savannah, 1779. Beth-
lehem was also visited by the Baron De Kalb, September,
1777. Hospitals were established there for the sick and
wounded of the army, and it was also made a depot for pro-
visions; and, in fact, during the whole war it was an import-
ant point in military operations. Washington styled the
weaving department of Sisters House, " the first domestic
manufactories of the land," and from there supplied himself
and wife with articles of wearing apparel.

The situation of Bethlehem is beautiful and romantic in
the extreme, and nature and art combined have rendered it
one of the most charming spots in the country. It has grown
into a town of some 10,000 inhabitants, and become an im-
portant business centre. Two railroads and a canal give the
inhabitants great facilities for trade, and manufactories are
rapidly growing up around it. The influx of strangers has
done away with much of the exclusive Moravian impress
formerly stamped upon the town, but the spirit of their insti-
tutions still prevails to a great extent, and may be said to be
the governing influence.

54 THE FRIES REBELLION.

The arrest of the persons for whom warrants were issued,
and their confinement at Bethlehem by the Marshal, caused
unusual excitement throughout the country. It created great
indignation in the disaffected districts of Northampton and
Bucks, and was considered an act of tyranny and oppression
on the part of the government. As soon as it became known
the arrests were made, the leaders of the opposition to the law
determined to rescue them, if possible. For the purpose of
consulting on the subject, a meeting was called at the public
house of Conrad Marks', Milford, Bucks county, on March
7. Notices were carried around the evening before -and left
at the houses of those known to be friendly to the movement.
By ten o'clock a number of people had assembled, and con-
siderable excitement was manifested. The general sentiment ■
was in favor of immediate organization and marching to Beth-
lehem to take the prisoners from the hands of the Marshal.
The crowd was formed in a company, and John Fries elected
captain. They were variously armed ; some with guns, others
with swords and pistols, while those with less belligerent feel-
ings, carried clubs. Subsequently, when Fries was examined
before Judge Peters, he said his "motive in going to Bethle-
hem to rescue the prisoners was not from personal attachment,
or regard for any of the persons who had been arrested, but
proceeded from a general aversion to the law, and an inten-
tion to impede and prevent its execution." This reason, how-
ever, hardly explains their course, under the circumstances.
Their plan was first to march to Millarstown and thence to
Bethlehem.

The people of Northampton, meanwhile, had also taken ac-
tion in reference to a rescue of the prisoners. A meeting to

8 Conrad Marks' tavern was in Milford township, Bucks county, near where the four
corners of Bucks, Montgomery, Berks and Lehigh come together. His petition for
license, in the Quarter Sessions office, was to August term, 1796, in which he states he
had removed to the well-known tavern on the Magunshey (Macungie) road in said town-
ship of Milford, formerly occupied by George Horlacker," also that the house had been
"kept as such above forty years." His endorsers were David Spinner and George Hor-
lacker. For many years the house was known as Geary's tavern.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 55

consult on the subject was called at the tavern of Martin Rit-
ter,'' to meet at 10 o'clock, on the morning of March 7. No-
tice was also giv^en for two or three companies of light horse
to meet there at the same time, one of which was commanded
by Captain Jarrett.""

At the hour appointed a considerable number of persons
were on the ground, and much noise, confusion and excite-
ment prevailed. Upon the meeting being organized, and a
conference had about the matter, that had brought them to-
gether, it was unanimously resolved to march for Bethlehem
without delay. The strength of the party which marched for
that place we have no means of knowing, as the records do not
give it. Soon after starting they selected a commander, the
choice falling upon Andrew Shiffert. There were a few pres-
ent who qutstioned the pro[)riety of the movement, but the
general voice was so nearly unanimous in its favor, their ad-
vice was not listened to. Tiie excitement ran high, and the
multitude clamored to be led to the rescue of their friends in
the hands of the Federal authorities. They did not look at the
consequences that might recoil upon themselves, nor did the}'
care at that particular moment, for they were burning under
a sense of real or imagined wrong. They were blind to the
nature of the step they were taking, and deaf to the voice of
reason. The multitude believed, in case they should succeed in
rescuing the prisoners, the matter would end there. Oi", if it
did cross the minds of the most far-seeing that such indignity
to the government might be taken notice of, and troops or^-
dered there to capture the guilty, it was not supposed, for a
moment, the authorities would be able to do anything with
them. With this feeling the march was taken up for Gunes'
tavern, three miles from Bethlehem, where some confederates

" We are not able to fix the locality of .Martin Ritter's tavern. W'e thought, at first, it
was on the sight of the present Rittersville, four miles from Bethlehem, on the road to
Allentown. But this was imposible as the place of meeting of the Northampton in-
surgents was on the south side of the Lehigh, while Rittersville is on the north.

1" The same Captain Jarrett previously mentioned. His military, on this occasion, was
a regularly organized volunteer company.

56 THE FRIES REBELLION.

Avere expected to join them. Here they resumed the march j
for the bridge that crosses the Lehigh at South Bethlehem."

" The South Bethlehem Star, published a few years ago, the following account of the
establishing of a ferry and the subsequent building of a bridge across the Lehigh at
Bethlehem, by which the insurgents crossed: " The first public means of crossing the
Lehigh was a ferry at the same place where the old Lehigh bridge now crosses the river-
It was opened on March ii, 1743, and the man who first paddled passengers across the
new ferry was Adam Schaus. Ferriage was at first, for a horse and rider, 3d. In 1745
the use of the ferry was free to all who lived in Bethlehem or delt there. Travelers were
expected to pay if they would, but in case they objected they were not to be constrained.
Improvements gradually crept in and 1750 wharves were constructed. Eight years there-
after a rope was introduced which rendered a passage across the river a much less serious
matter than heretofore. At last came a bridge in 1794. John Schropp, warden, was
empowered hy an Act of Assembly to undertake the enterprise and to associate stock-
holders with himself. That first bridge was built of hemlock, was uncovered and cost
$7800. In 1816 this bridge'was removed and a more substantial structure put in its place.
The latter bridge was also uncovered. In April, 1827, the present Bethlehem Bridge
Company was organized. In 1841 the second bridge across the Lehigh was swept away
by a freshet, after which the present covered one was constructed. After the great
freshet of 1862 the present bridge had to be partially rebuilt, a portion of it having been
carried away by the waters."

JUDGE WILLIAM HENRY

OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY.

^he fpie^ !^ebellion.

CHAPTER VI.

I^escLie of the Prisoners at BetHlel\ern.

Fries and his friends received word, the night before, that the
Northampton people, opposed to the hwv, also intended to make
an effort to take the prisoners froni the hands of the Marshal.
In the morning, Conrad Marks sent his son to Rittcr's tavern,
to learn what movement was on foot at that place. In the
meantime the march was commenced for Millarstown, and
when they had gone three or four miles on the road, young
Marks was met returning. ?Ie informed them the Northamp-
ton people were already in motion, a large party having left
Ritter's before his arrival; that it was not worth while for them
to go, as a sufficient number was on the maich to accomplish
what they had in view. Upon learning this some were in
favor of turning back, but Conrad Marks and John Fries
advised the)' should go at least to l^cthlehem to sec what was
going on there. The march was now resumed. Daniel Fries,
son of John, sa}'s that his father started for Bethlehem
mounted, but, when near old J(^hn Cline's, the animal cut its
foot with the cork of his slioe and was disabled. Daniel was
with him, and, as the horse was of no further service on the
road, Fries sent his son back with it and continued the march
on -foot. They passed by Ritter's tavern, and followed the
route of the Northampton contingent which had preceded
them, overtaking and joining them at the south end of the
bridge over the Lehigh at South Bethlehem.' The whole

1 South Bethlehem is on the south bank of the Lehigh opposite Bethlehem. Here was
the Crown Inn, the first licensed house on the Lehigh that rose to the dignity of a
tavern, and on the site of it is the Union Railroad Station. The house was built in 1745
and licensed in June, 1746. The "Crown" played an important role in Colonial days.
Around the site of this old hostelry has grown a town of fifteen thousand inhabitants;
it is the seat of Lehigh University and here is located great iron works. Bethlehem and
South Bethlehem are still connected by a wooden bridge that crosses the Lehigh at about
the same place as the old one of '99. •

(57)

58 THE FRIES REBELLION.

command numbered about one hundred and forty men,
including two companies of riflemen and one of mounted
men, the latter being armed with broad swords. They
presented quite a martial appearance. Their march through
the thickly populated country swelled their ranks by the
addition of a number, attracted by curiosity, who followed
after to see what would take place, without any intention of tak-
ing part in the proceedings. They were neutrals.

We have already said the Marshal returned to Bethlehem
with his prisoners the night of March 6, and confined them in
the Sun tavern.^ As the Marshal passed through the country,
on his return, he heard a rumor that an attempt would be
made to rescue the prisoners, but he did not conceive such a
thing possible, supposing somebody, as a matter of amuse-
ment, had raised the story to alarm him. Upon reaching
Bethlehem, however, the rumor was confirmed, and he was
convinced a movement of the kind was on foot by a band of

2 A public house has been kept on the spot where the Sun tavern stands for 140 years.
The expediencey of erecting; a house of entertainment at Bethlehem was first considered
and the location fixed upon, in July, 1754, but delay prevented its completion until 1758.
Down to this time travelers were accommodated at " The Crown " on the south bank of
the Lehigh, bailt 1743, and onv'erted into a farm house in 1791. Chastellux, a French
gentleman traveling in America near the close of the last century says of the "Sun :" " This
tavern was built at the exjen^e of the Society of Moravian Brethren whom it served as
a magazine, and is very handsome, and spacious. The person who keeps it is only the
cashier, and obliged to render an account to the administrators. As we had already
dined we only drank tea, but ordered breakfast for the next morning at 10 o'clock." An
English gentleman traveling in this country at that period also visited Bethlehem and
put up at the Sun tavern. He afterward translated the work of Chastellux, and in it,
makes the following note in reference-to this tavern : " This inn for its external appear-
ances, and its interior accommodations, is equal to the best of the large inns in England,
which, indeed, it very much resembles in many respects. The first time I was in B^hle-
hem, in company with my friends, Maj )r Pierce Butler, Mr, Thomas Elliott and Mr.
Charles Pinckney, Carolina gentlemen, w,' remained here two or three days, and were
constantly supplied with venison, moise, game, and the most delicious red and yellow
bellied trout, the highest flavored wild strawberries, the most luxurious asparagus and
the best vegetables, in short, I ever saw ; and notwithstanding the difficulty of procuring
good wine and spirits at that period throughout the continent, we were here regaled with
rum and brandy, of the best quality, and exquisite old Port and Madeira." The present
condition and appearance of the Sun tavern are in strong contrast compared with a
century ago. It is excelled by few, if any, public house outside the large cities, and the
accommodations are of the best. It is frequently alleged Lafayette put up at the Sun
tavern, while recovering from the wound received at Brandywine, 1777, but this is an
error. He occupied the house lately owned by Ambrose Rauch, on Main street, torn
di.vn 1872. Th'e Mar juis was driven in a carriage from Bristol, on the Delaware, to
Bethlehem, a distance of sixty miles.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 59

armed men. The prisoners arrested in Lehigh township were
released upon their own bonds, with good securities for tiicir
appearance, but the others were held in custody.

The information, that an attempt at rescue would be made,
naturally gave the Marshal great uneasiness, and he proceeded
to take such steps as were dee neJ necessary to prevent it.
He held a consultation with Judge William Henry, Mr.
Eyerley, the commissioner, Mr, Balliott, Joseph Horsfield,^
a justice of the peace at Bethlehem, and General Brown.' He
had received instructions before leaving Philadelphia to call
out a possc*coinitatiis in case it should be found necessary, but
was forbidden to use an armed force. He made a demand
upon Judge Henry for armed men, but as the latter had
received similar instructions, and there could not be found any
authority authorizing it, the requisition was refused. It was
therefore decided to call such force as they were authorized to
accept, and, accordingly, summoned a civil posse. Twenty men
were called from Bethlehem and Easton, but only eighteen
responded, arriving between ten and eleven in the forenoon.
We have not been able to get the names of all, but among
them were William Barnett, John Barnett, Christian Winters,
Christian Roths and Philip Schlaugh. The prisoners were re-
moved upstairs to a room thought to be more secure. As
General Brown was a person of influence in the county, the
Marshal requested him to command at Bethlehem and lend
the assistance of his counsel, but he declined on account of
having been absent so long from his famly. In the mean-
time an officer was sent to arrest a clerg)qnan named Eyer-

3 Joseph Horsfield was a prominent citizen of Northampton, and justice of the
peace many years at Bethlehem. He was the youngest child of Timothy and Mary
Horsfield, who settled in Long Island, 1749, and removed to Bethlehem, 1750. He
married a niece of the celebrated Anthony Benezet, Philadelphia, whose mother was
a great court beauty during the reign of Louis XIV. He was a witness on the trial of
Fries for the prosecution. He died at Bethlehem, 1S34, at the age of 84 years.

■> General Brown was a descendant of an immigrant who settled at "Craig's Settle-
ment," Allen township, Northampton c(ninty, about 1735. He was prominent in his
generation, and played an important part in the county during the Revolutionary
struggle. Robert Brown, of that section, was a prominent man of his day and an officer
in the Continental army.

6o THE FRIES REBELLION.

man' and .one John Fox, both active in opposing the law,
and who were thought to be too dangerous to go at' large.
They were taken and brought in without opposition. The
proceeedings becoming known in the surrounding country, a
large number of people came to witness a conflict, which, it
was supposed, could not be avoided.

About eleven o'clock, a Mr. Dixon, who arrived from Emaus,
informed the Marshal he had seen a number of persons as-
sembled at Ritter's tavern, under arms, some mounted, others
on foot, who were about to march for Bethlehem ; and also
saw others on the road. This was the first positive informa-
tion that an armed party was actually coming ?o attempt a
rescue of the prisoners. In about half an hour two men, one
armed with a smooth bore gun, the other with a rifle, arrived
at the Sun, dismounted in the yard, came quietly into the
house, and placed themselves by the side of each other opposite
the door. The Marshal, and some of the people who were
collected, inquired the reason of their coming there armed,
when, after some hesitation, they replied they " had come upon
a shooting frolic." Upon being questioned as to what they
intended to shoot, one of them evaded a reply by saying
they wanted to see what was best for the country. They
were then told to withdraw, and not appear in arms to obstruct
the process of the United States. To this they replied they
were freemen, and had a right to go where they pleased. They
were supposed to be of the insurgent force, and, as they would
probably come straggling in, it was thought best to secure
them in detail. They were accordingly arrested, their arms
taken from them, and they were taken up stairs and confined
in a chamber. Shortly after three other mounted men arrived
in uniform, at the head of whom was Shankwyler, who had re-
fused to submit to an arrest the day before. The Marshal
asked him if he had come to surrender himself, but he replied

^ Among the prisoners released at Bethlehem was Jacob Eyerman, a clergyman resid- j
ing in Hamilton township, Northampton county, recently arrived from Germany. He I
was one of the most active in stirring up opposition fo the house tax law, only second
in influence to John Fries, and continued to preach to his congregation until his tongue
was silenced by arrest. After his release he fled to the State of New York, where he
was arrested and brought back. He was tried, found guilty of conspiracy ; sentenced i' '
one year with a fine of $50, and to give security for one }£ar for his good behavior.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 6l

he came to meet his accuser. They gave no indication of
creating a disturbance and mingled peacebly with others
assembled. Information was now brought in that there was
an armed force at the Lehigh bridge, on the march for the
tavern. A consultation was held, and it was deemed best to
send a deputation down to hold a conference with them, to
learn their intention. It was agreed to send a delegation of
four upon this duty, two Federalists and two anti-Federalists.
The men selected were John Mulhallon," William Harnett,
Christian Roths and Isaac Hartzell, gentlemen of standing ar.d
influence in the county. They received no particular instruc-
tions, and were only charged to prevail upon the armed force
not to come into town.

The deputation rode down through the main street of
Bethlehem, crossed the Lehigh to the south bank, and pro-
ceeded about a half mile bc}'ond the bridge, where they met a
party of armed horsemen, whom they learned were from the
neighborhood of Millarstown. These belonged to the North-
ampton contingent. Upon inquiring for the commanding
of^cer, they were told they had no officers but were all com-
manders. The committee then told them the object of their
visit, and used every persuasion to induce them to relinquish
their march to Bethlehem. They explained to them the prob-
able consequences of the rash step they were about to take;
that they would be resisting the laws of the United States in
rescuing the prisoners, and the Government would surely
punish them for it. All they said seemed to have but little or
no effect. While judge Mulhallon and Mr. Barnett were
talking with these people in front. Christian Roths went toward
the rear to use his influence in that quarter. One of the men
said to him, "We don't know you;" A\hereupon he told
them in reply, that whether they knew him or not, they would
thank him for the advice he had given them. Another pointed
his gun at him. This did not alarm Roths, who mildly said,
"Little man, consider what \'ou are about; don't be too much
in a hurry." While they were holding tnis parley a company

« John Mulhallon, called "Judge" Mulhallon, and probably Associate Judge at one
time, was appointed the firtt Prothonotary for Lehigh county, when it was cut off from
Northampton.

62 THE FRIES REBELLION.

of armed riflemen came up. They ivere likewise informed
of the wish of the Marshal, but they gave it no more heed
than the others.

The march of the insurgents was now resumed and they
continued to the bridge where another halt was made. The
committee here held another parley with them, endeavoring,
by alljpossible means, to induce them not to go over into the
town. They now said that the Marshal had two of their men
prisoners, who had gone to Bethlehem under arms, and they
intended to set them free. They appeared to be alarmed at
the idea of the prisoners being taken to Philadelphia for trial.
While admitting they should be punished, if they had done
wrong, they must be tried in Northampton county. When
the committee saw the insurgents were determined to pro-
ceed, they suggested it would be better to send three or four
men over as a deputation to confer with the Marshal. To
this they agreed, and three of their number were appointed to
go. Afraid lest these men should also be made prisoners^
they stipulated with William Barnett that he should return
them safely. The two committees then crossed the river to
Bethlehem, and together proceeded to the Sun tavern. They
were taken before the Marshal and had a conference with him-
Upon inquiring the reason of so many armed men coming
there, they replied they came to prevent him taking the
prisoners to Philadelphia to be tried. He told them that that
could not be, and advised them to go to their companions and
persuade them to return to their homes. They requested
that the two men, who had been made prisoners in the morn-
ing, should be released, which was done and their arms delivered
to them. As the committee had promised, they now returned
with these men to the south side of the river to deliver them
to their companions.

We last took leave of John Fries and his friends on their
march from Conrad Marks' tavern by the way of Millarstown
to Bethlehem. They were a little in the rear of the Northamp-
ton contingent, and arrived at the bridge while the committee
of citizens were gone to the tavern with the men deputed to
confer with the Marshal. They did not halt any length of

THE FRIES REBELLION.

time on the south bank of the river, but pushed across and
continued on to the tavern, where the prisoners were confined.
Meanwhile, the comniittee of conference, on the part of the,
Marshal, had started on their return accompanied by the two
released prisoners and their three friends. When they reached
the lower part of the village, they met the force of John
Fries marching up the main street. They stopped him to hold
a parley, and endeavored to prevail upon him and his men not
to continue their march up into the town; but they disregarded
their appeal and said they were determined to go on. One of
the men, supposed to have been Fries, said, "This is the third
day that I am out. I had a fight yesterday, and I mean to
have one to-day if they do not let the prisoners clear." They
now resumed the march. The force consisted of two companies
of riflemen, and one of mounted men, numbering in all about
one hundred and forty. The horsemen mar chcd two abreast
armed with drawn swords. The footmen carried rifles, at a
trail, in single file. One of tbe companies was commanded by
a Captain Staeler, and wore tri-colored cockades on their hats.
Fries marched in front of the riflemen and was apparently in
command

The appearance of this large armed force, so close at hand,
created great confusion and excitement, not only at the tavern
but throughout the town. A conflict between them and the
Marshal's posse was now thought inevitable. The inhabitants
and strangers in the town flocked around the scene of action to
watch the course of events. The Marshal had a force of less
than twenty men to protect eighteen prisoners, who were
merely placed in different rooms in the tavern, without being
further restrained of their liberty. When the insurgents were
known to be coming, the prisoners were told their friends were
at hand prepared to take them away, but they did not wish to
be rescued. The force arrived about i o'clock in the day;
marched into the yard in front of the tavern ; halted, the
horsemen dismounting, and the riflemen passing around the
house drew up in the rear of the horses and rested on their
arms. The men kept well in ranks, and appeared to be under
good control. The Marshal doubled his guard over the

64 THE TRIES REBELLION.

prisoners and stationed two at the bottom and two at the top
of the stairs, arnied with pistols. Fries went into the tavern,
accompanied by two of his men, and requested the sentinel at
the foot of the stairway to let him go up to see the Marshal.
Word was sent up to Colonel Nichols, who came forward and
told the guard to let Captain Fries pass up. When he came to
the Marshal, Fries informed him he had come for the
prisoners, and demanded their release. The Marshal replied
this was out of his power, but if he were determined to take
them, he must get them the best way he could. Soon after
Fries and his force arrived, Captain Jarrett came up, and the
men saluted him with cheers. He had been to Philadelphia
to surrender himself and be discharged on bail, and had just
returned. He had an interview with the Marshal who re-
quested him to get the men to withdraw. This he promised,
to do, but he either had no influence or did not choose to
exercise it. He remained about there some two hours, but
took no steps to quell the disturbance. After the interview
with the Marshal, Fries returned to the guard and told his
followers the result of it. Upon learning this the}' became
quite violent and expressed a determination to have the
prisoners at every risk. They abused Eyerley, the com-
missioner, and all who had assisted him, and towards them
appeared to be more enraged than at the Marshal.

The insurgents now prepared to take the prisoners by force
if they should not be given up peaceably. Fries told his men
that four or five sentinels had to be passed, and begged them
not to fire until the Marshal's posse had fired upon them ; he
would go on before them and expected to get the first blow.
He cautioned them, a sec^id time, not to fire first, and
promised to give the word as soon as he was fired upon, when
they must help themselves. He then gave the command, and
his men followed toward the tavern. The\' came on with a
rush and succeeded in getting into the entry in considerable
numbers, where they were met by the Marshal's posse. A
struggle took place between them, which resulted in the posse
clearing the entry of the enemy. Esquire Horsfield came
down stairs while the contest was going on, and, seeing that

THE FRIES REBELLION. 65

great excitement prevailed, he made his way through the
crowd up stairs again to the hindlord, Mr. Levering/ and pre-
vailed upon him to close the bar, as liquor stimulated the dis-
turbance. This repulse maddened the crowd, and they re-
turned to the charge with greater fury than before, yelling and
uttering savage shrieks. They struck the butts of their rifles
on the ground, and fairly jumped with rage. They came to
the door and a number entered and filled the hall. Those
who remained outside pointed their rifles up at the windows
to intimidate, and one, who entered, thrust the muzzle of his
gun up the stairvia\-, threatening to fire. They shouted
their determin ition to have the prisoners. These proceed-
ings caused great consternation among the Marshal's posse,
who began to grow alarmed for their own safety. •

Philip Schlaugh was so much frightened he mounted his
horse when the second rush was made, and rode for Easton as
fast as his animal could carry him. Esquire Horsfield begged
the Marshal "for God's sake" to deliver up the prisoners, and
worked his way down stairs to be ready to make his escape.
The Marshal and his friends, up stairs at this time in charge
of tlie prisoners, consulted with Judge Henr}' and others as
to what was best to be done. He was advised to surrender
the prisoners to Tries. This he refused to do, but said he
would march them to Philadelphia, and if the mob thought
proper to take them from him, on the way, it would be their
act, not his, and he told them to prepare immediately to start
for the city. Several refused to go, saying they would not
thus endanger their lives, but if he would suffer them to return
to their homes they would meet him in Philadelphia on Mon-
day or Tuesday following. Fries was still demanding their
release and threats of bodily harm were made against Eyerley,
Henry and others, in case the prisoners were not given up.
The Marshal, considering the lives of these gentlemen in

7 Abraham Levering was the landlord of the Sun tavern at the time of the rescue of
the prisoners, and the fifth in succession. He was a son of John and Susan Levering,
Nazgreth, and born December, 1757. His wife, Christiana, a daughter of Lewis
Gassier, Lititz, was the popular hostess of the tavern for nine years. Levering entered
upon the management June ist, '1790; retired from the tavern in June, 1799, and died
in Bethlehem, 1S35.

THE FRIES REBELLION.

danger, rather than expose them to injury, concluded to de-
liver the prisoners to Fries, and they were released and turned
over to him. In a few minutes there was not an armed man
on the ground, while the people of the town and neighbor-
hood, who had collected as witnesses of the proceedings, quietly
dispersed and returned to their homes. The contest was
bloodless and the insurgents won.

T'he frie| I^ebellion.

CHAPTER VII.

Th\e JPfesider^t Issues His Proclamation.

Immediately, after the rescue of the prisoners at Bethlehem,
John Fries returned to his home in Milford township, but
far from satisfied with the part he had taken in the affair. The
excitement having subsided and reflection assumed its wonted
sway, he doubted the propriety of his course, and began to
have fears that he and his friends had gone beyond legal resist-
ance. Like every man, who places himself in the wrong, he
was anxious to unburden his mind by talking with others upon
the subject, in the hope of justifying his conduct. For this
purpose he went to see John Jamison,' an old acquaintance,
two days after the occurrence, to whom he gave a full account
of the affair at Bethlehem, and the part he took in it. He
threw the blame upon the Germans, who, he said, he could do
nothing with, as they had gotten the idea into their heads
General Washington was opposed to the law, and therefore
they need not allow it to be carried into execution.

An effort was now made to harmonize matters so the asssess-
ments could be taken, thus putting an end to the disturbance
that had so long agitated this and neighboring counties. It
was agreed among the leading men in the disaffected districts
of Bucks the proper course would be to meet and choose a
committee from the three counties. For this purpose a meet-
ing was called at the tavern of Conrad Marks, Monday, March
15, wdiich some 200 people attended from the three counties.
A committee of four from each county was appointed, with
authority to consider the situation, and report what was best
to be done under the circumstances. We have not been able

1 John Jamison was a descendant of William Jamison, who settled in Richland town-
ship, in the neighborhood of Quakertown about 1730. He was a farmer and of no par-
ticular prominence.

(67)

6S THK FKIKS RKHKI.LION.

to procure the names of ^ill on the committee, but have scver.i
from this county; John Jamison, George Klinc,^ Danii ^
Roberts,^ Conrad Marks, Dr. ]>akcr, a man named Davis and
Captain Jarrett. They advised the people to desist from
further opposition to the assessors and other officers in the
execution of their duties, and enjoined upon them to L^ive due
submission to the hiws of their country. This seemed to be
the sentiment of all present at the meeting, and no dissent
was experienced. The people of Lower Milford were now in
favor of having the assessments made, but, Mr. Roberts, upon
being consulted, was not willing they should choose an assessor,
but if Mr. Clark, who had not yet given up his commission, would
take the rates, it would answer every purpose. A second
meeting was advertised to be held at George Mitchcl's tavern
on March 25, to take the sense of the people ufjon the subject
of permitting Clark to make the assessments, h'ries was at
the meeting held at Conrad Marks, and, as it does not ap-
pear he took any part in the proceedings, he probably cpiietly
acquiesced with others in the peaceable measures adopted.
Upon this occasion he and Mitchel had some conversation on
the subject, when he admitted his former resistance to the
law, a fact he never denied. He now expressed a willingness
to give in his submission, and allow the law to be inforced.
Apparently wishing to make some amends for his former harsh
treatment of the officers, he told Jacob Iluber that his house
should not be assessed until he had given the assessors a
dinner, and that if he were not at home when they came his
son would be tliere to provide for them. With this the op-
position to the law in Milford ended, and, from that time for-
ward to his arrest, there was no better ordered citizen in the
county than John Fries. Me returned to his usual occup^i-

2 The Kline family were sympathizers with Fries in his opposition to the house tax law,
and Jacob Kline, Sr., and three others of the name were arrested for treason. Jacob
Kline was present at the meeting at Mitchel's tavern and was then well dispoK<d.

^ Daniel Roberts was a descendant of Edward Roberts, who, with his wife, settled
near Qiiakertown, 1716. She was a daughter of Everard and Elizabeth Holton, who
settled at Cheltenham, Montgomery county, 1682. The ancestry of the Boltons is traced
back to the Lord of Bolton, the lineal representative of the Saxon Earls of Murcia. The
late Judge Roberts, of Doylestown, was a descendant of Edward Roberts.

THE FRIKS RI;I:KI.I.I0N. 69

tic^n, vetidiu; ci'\'iiiL;", and, if liis puscnt y;()od conc'uct be any
evidence, he had entirely repented his i)reviou.s couise.

Tlie Marshal ke|)t Jndi^e I'eters full)- informed of the opera-
tions of tile insur_L;'ents, and also of his own movements.
Immediately ui)on the rescue of the prisoners at 15ethlelu-m
he announced the fact to the Judi^e, who laid the matter be-
fore the I'Y'tleral authorities without chjay. Upon bein^ thus
officiall}' informed of the truth of what had heretofore reached
him inthcshapeof rumors, alth('Ui,di prett>' well authenticated,
the President called his cabinent tf)i^ether to deliberate upon
the steps t<) be taken in relation thereto. They were now
fully cognizant of tlu' resistance that had been offered to the
law, and was satisfied it could not be ext'cuted in the disaffected
districts unices the opi)osition should end. It was now de-
termined the I*resi(K'nt should issue his proclamation, and mi-
deavor, by tliis mild means, to call the deluded disturbers of
the peace back to their duty, before a resort was had to harsher
measures. For this purpose he caused to be issued, fi'om the
se.it of government at l'hil<uleli)hi.i on March 12, 1799, the
following :

By the President of the United States of Aineriea :

PROCLAMATION.

WHKRKAS, combinations, to defeat the execution of thel.iws
for the valuation of lands and dwelling liouses \vithin the
United States, have existed within the counties of Northamp-
ton, Montgomery and Bucks, in the .State of l\Mins)'lvania,
have proceeded in a manner subversive of the just authority
of the govemment, by misrepresentations to reuuler the laws
odious, by deterring the of^cers of the United .States to for-
bear the execution of their functions, and by opeidy threaten-
ing their lives. And, whereas, the endeavors of the well-
effected citizens, as well as of the executive officers to con-
ciliate compliance a\ ith these laws, have failed of success, and
certain persons in the county of Northampton, aforesaid, have
been hardy enough to perpetrate certain acts, which, I am
advised, amouiit to treason, being overt acts of levying war
against the United States, the said i)ersons exceeding one

70 THE FRIES REBELLION.

hundred in number, and armed and arrayed in warlike manner,
having, on the seventh day of the present month of March,
proceeded to the house of Abraham Levering, in the town of
Bethlehem, and there compelled William Nichols, Marshal of
the United States, for the District of Pennsylvania, to desist
from the execution of certain legal processes in his hands to
be executed, and having compelled him to discharge and set
at liberty, certain persons whom he had arrested by virtue of
a criminal process, duly issued for offenses against the United
States, and having impeded and prevented the commissioners
and assessor, in conformity with the laws aforesaid, in the
county of Northampton, aforesaid, by threats of personal
injury, from executing the said laws, avowing, as the motive of
these illegal and treasonable proceedings, an intention to
prevent, by force of arms, the execution of the said laws, and
to withstand, by open violence, the lawful authority of the
United States. And, whereas, by the Constitution and laws
of the United States, I am authorized, whenever the laws of
the United States shall be opposed, or the execution thereof
obstructed in any State, by combinations too powerful to be
suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or
by powers, vested in the Marshal, to call forth military force
to supress such combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly
executed, and I have accordingly determined so to do, under
the solemn conviction that the essential interests of the United
States demand it.

Thcrefo7-€, I, John Adams, President of the United States,
do hereby command all persons, being insurgents as aforesaid,
and all others whom it may concern, on or be/ore Monday
next, being the eighteenth day of the present month, to dis-
perse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes : and I
do, moreover, warn all persons whomsoever, against aiding,
abetting or comforting the perpetrators of the aforesaid treason-
able acts, and I do require all of^cers and others, good and
faithful citizens, according to their respective duties and laws
of the land, to exert their utmost endeavors to prevent and
suppress, such dangerous and unlawful proceedings.

In testimony thereof, I have caused the Seal of the United

THE FRIES REBELLION. 71

States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed

the same with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia,

the twelfth day of March, in the year of our Lord, 1799, and

of the Independence of the said United States of America,

the twenty-third.

By the President :

(Signed) JOHN ADAMS.

(Signed) TiMOTHY PICKERING,

Secretary of State.

The proclamation reached Milford township, on the fifteenth
of March. Its appearance created a good deal of excitement
and talk among the people, who were now convinced the
government was disposed to treat the late disturbance with
more seriousness than the participators in it had believed. It
was reported to the meeting at Conrad Marks, on the eigh-
teenth, where it became the subject of discussion and conver-
sation. On the evening of the day, it first made its appear-
ance in the township, George Mitchel carried a copy down to
Frederick Heaney's, to whom he read it, who agreed to sub-
mit to it ; and he made no further opposition. Soon after
the appearance of the proclamation, a statement of the part
John Fries had taken in opposing the law was published in
the newspapers; Israel Roberts carried a copy to him to read
what was said of him. The account of his conduct, as
published, seemed to affect him greatly; and, upon being
questioned, he admitted he had never before considered the
matter in such serious light as he had within a few days. He
said he had not slept half an hour for three or four nights, and
that he would give all he was worth in the world if the matter
were settled and he clear of it. He expressed a willingness
to surrender himself if the government would send for him.

The meeting advertised at George Mitchel's tavern, on
March twenty-five, was held at that time. About forty
persons were present, among them, John Fries and Frederick
Heaney. It was agreed that Clark should make the asse-
ments. Neither Fries nor Heaney voted upon the question,
but both expressed a willingness that others should do so, and,

72 THE FRIES REBELLION.

in fact, lioped they might vote for him. They seemed to
yield entire obedience to the authorities, and appeared sensi-
ble of their previous misconduct. In Northampton county,
the reception of the President's proclamation had the same
good effect as in Bucks, and almost wholly quieted the dis-
turbance. But little opposition to the law took place after
that date, the most serious being the attack on Mr. Balliott, a
collector. He was waylaid u[)on his return from Bethlehem,
whether he had been on business, and so severely beaten a
physician was brought from that place to attend him. His
injuries, however, proved not to be very serious, and he soon
recovered. About the same time Henry Artman, Adam
Stephen and Henr)^ Shankwyler, of Millarstown, went to
Philadelphia, and surrendered themselves to the Federal
authorities, and entered into bail before Judge Peters for
their appearance. These men were among the most violent
opposers of the law in Northampton county. The opposition
to the law had the efTjct of ciusing a repeal of the provisions
of the house tax, requiring a statement of the windows of
each dwelling, at the sessions of 1798-99, and before the most
serious disturbances had taken place.

The reader, no doubt, will be as much astonished as the
writer, at the course of the government after this period.
From and after March 25 John Fries and his aiders and abet-
tors gave their entire submission to the authorities, and com-
ported themselves as cjuietly and orderly as the best citizens.
They allowed their property to be assessed, and acquiesced in
the law being carried into execution. Under all the circum-
stances it does not appear that the extreme measures after-
wards pursued were called for, but that a lenient government,
such as ours professes to be, should have overlooked the
faults and even offenses of the past, in consideration that a
very obnoxious law, and at best of questionable propriety, was
allowed to go into full force and effect. The pursuing of
Fries, in this view of the case, had the appearance of perse-
cution, which created greater sympathy, in his behalf, than
would otherwise have been extended to him.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 73

The President's proclamation gave the proceedings of the
insurgents, in Bucks and Northampton, an importance they
otherwise would not have received ; and, from this time for-
ward to the conclusion of the " Rebellion," it was a National
affair, and attracted the attention of all sections of the
Union. Many expected to see another " Western Insurrec-
tion" or a " Shay's Rebellion," with a more disas!:rous termi-
nation. The timid friends of republican government were
alarmed lest this disturbance might be a rock on which the
ship of State would founder and go to pieces, while the
enemies of our institutions predicted such would be the re-
sult, and appeared delighted at the prospective overthrow of
the government.

The President caused his proclamation to be immediately
sent to the Governor of Pennsylvania, then in Philadelphia
attending upon the session of the Legislature, and Governor
Mifflin^ transmitted a copy to the Assembly, accompanied by
the following message:

Message of the Governor of Pennsylvania, to the Tivo Houses of
Assembly :

Gen FLEMEX : — It is announced, by proclamation issued by
the President of the United States, dated the 12th inst., that
combinations, to defeat the execution of the laws for the
valuation of lands and dwelling houses within the United
States, have existed in the counties of Northampton, Mont-
gomery and Bucks, in the State of Pennsylvania : That in the
judgment of the President it is necessary to call for the mili-
tary force, in order to suppress the combinations aforesaid,
and cause the laws aforesaid to be duly executed ; and that
the President has accordingly determined to do so, under the

^ Thomas Mifflin was born in Philadelphia, 1744, of Quaker parentage, and brought
up to mercantile pursuits. When the war for independence broke out, Congress ap-
pointed and commissioned him a Brigadier-General and he was given command of the
Pennsylvania troops. He served with great credit in various positions, among which
was Quartermaster-General. He was elected a member of Congress, 1783, and made
Speaker. In this capacity he acted during the closing scenes of the Revolution and re-
ceived back the commission of Washington when he formally tendered his resignation.
He was elected Governor of Pennsylvania, 1790, the first under the new Constitution,
and served three terms, nine years. He died at Lancaster, January 21, 1800.

74 THE FRIES REBELLION.

solemn conviction that the essential interest of the United
States demands it.

That I have received no communication from the President
on this important occasion, yet it is my duty, as Executive
Magistrate of Pennsylvania, to call your attention to the sub-
ject, that if any means ought to be taken on the part of the
State to co-operate with the Federal government, they may
be devised and authorized by the Legislature.

(Signed) Thomas MiFFLiN.

Philadelphia, March 77, lygg.

The matter was referred to a committee of the House,
which made report condemning the disturbance in the strong-
est terms, but proceeded to say, that as the President had
taken proper steps to quell the insurrection, they did not
deem it necessary for the State to take any action in the mat-
ter ; but whenever it should become necessary to co-operate
with the general government they would do so cheerfully. To
the report was addeded the following resolution, but was
stricken out on its passage :

Resolved, " That the Governor be, and is hereby requested
to cause full and due inquiry into the causes of the said riots,
to be made, and to make special report to this House there-
upon, and particularly of any circumstances which may be al-
leged, or discovered, tending to show the origin of the same
agency of foreign incendiaries, in the seditions views of do-
mestic traitors."

»._^J •** ' i'.,.

^■Sl

■^^^

^•he jFie§ P^ebellion.

CHAPTER VIII.

'^Froops Called Out to Suppress tl^^e Ii\surrectior\.

While the Legislature took no further action concerning
the house tax troubles, the Representatives from Northamp-
ton county issued an address to the people of the State, in
which they say that, on a recent visit to their constituency,
they found nothing that " looks like an insurrection." They
were highly indignant at the course of the Federal govern-
ment, as were the people of the State, generally. There was
now a change of policy ; the " Fries Rebellion" was relegated
to the military arm for treatment.

On March 20 the Secretary of War made the following
requisition, on Governor Mifflin, for militia to assist in quell-
ing the insurrection :

War Department, March 20, 1799.

Sir: — To suppress the insurrection now existing in the
counties of Northampton, Bucks and Montgomery, in the
State of Pennsylvania, in opposition to the laws of the United
States, the President has thought it best to employ a military
force, to be composed, in part, of such of the militia of Penn-
sylvania whose situation and state of preparation will enable
them to march with promptitude. As the corps of militia
first desired on this occasion are the troops of cavalry belong-
ing to this city, and one troop from each of the counties of
Philadelphia, Bucks, Chester, Montgomery and Lancaster,
these troops I have the honor to request your Excellency will
order to hold themselves in readiness to march, on, or before,

175)

76 THE FRIES REBELLION.

the 28th instant, under the command of Brigadier-General
Macpherson.'

I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, your Ex-
cellency's most obedient servant.

(Signed) James McHenry.*

His Excellency, Thomas Mifflin.

Upon the receipt of the Secretary of War's communication,
Governor Mifflin addressed the following letter to the Ad-
jutant-General of the State, directing him to issue general |
orders for complying with the President's request :

"Philadelphia, March 20, 1799, 3 o'clock, p. m."

" Sir .-—The Secretary of War, has this moment com-
municated to me, the President's intention to employ a mili-
tary force, in suppressing the insurrection now existing in the
counties of Northampton, Bucks and Montgomery, with a re-
quest that the Troops of Cavalry, belonging to this city, and
a troop from each of the counties of Philadelphia, Bucks,
Chester, Montgomery and Lancaster, may be ordered to hold
themselves in readiness to march on, or before, the 28th
instant, under the command of Brigadier-General Macpherson.

" You will, therefore, issue general orders for complying
with the President's request ; and communicate by express
with the commanding officers of the several corps. As soon
as the troops are ready to march you will make your report to
me, sending the returns of the officers from time to time as
you receive them." I am, sir,

Your most obedient Servant,

(Signed) Thomas Mifflin.

To Peter Baynton,' Esq.,

Adjutant General of Militia of Pennsylvania.

1 William Macpherson, the son of Captain John Macpherson, Philadelphia, was an
officer in the i6th British foot. At the first ojjportunity he sold out his commission and
succeeded in escaping from the British lines to Philadelphia, where he offered his services
to the Board of War. He was commissioned a major in the Pennsylvania line. His
brother John, a Captain, fell at Quebec.

2 James McHenry, Secretary of War, from 1796 to 1800, was born in Maryland, 1753,
and died in Baltimore, May 8, iSig. He served in the Revolution as aide-de-camp of
Lafayette; was a delegate from Maryland to the Continental Corgress, 1783-S6; a
member of the Convention that formed the Federal Constitution, 17S7, ai.d appointed
Secretary of War by Mr. Adams.

3 The records show that Peter Baynton was appointed Adjutant-General of Pennsyl-
vania, February 27, 1799, and vacated the office May 1, iSco. We have not been able to
find any further mention of him.

THE FRIES REBELLION. "J"]

In obedience to the order of his immediate Commander-in-
Chief, Adjutant-General Baynton issued orders caHing into
service a portion of the mihtia of the State, as follows:

" GENERAL ORDERS."

" PinLADELrniA, March 20, 1799."
"The following corps of cavalry are to hold themselves in
readiness to march on, or before, the 28th instant :

"Captain Dunlap's, Captain Singei's, Captain MorreU's,
Captain Leeper's, of the city of Philadelphia ; Captain Lesh-
er's, of the county of Philadelphia ; Captain Sims', ^ of the
county of Bucks; Captain Taylor's, of the county of Ches-
ter; Captain Montgomery's, of the county of Lancaster, and
Captain Kennedy's, of the county of Montgomery.

"Officers commanding the above troops of Cavalry will
make report to the Adjutant-General as soon as their respec-
tive corps are ready to march."

" By order of the Commander-in-Chief."
(Signed) " PETER BaVNTON,"

"Adjutant-General of the Militia of Penns}'lvania."

Of the quota of troops called for, one company of cavalr}'
was taken from Bucks and another from Montgomery, but
Northampton was so far gone in rebelli )a her militia were
not thought reliable, and none were takjii from that county.
The President designated William Macpherson as command-
er of the troops about to make the expedition into Bucks and
Northampton, and, to give him sufficient rank, he was ap-

^ ^Valter Sims bought the China Retreat property, 361 acres, 1798. This was a
famous place in its day, on the west bank of the Delaware three miles below Bristol. In
1787 the farm belonged to one Benger, an Irish sporting gentleman, who imported the
famous horse Messenger. He sold it to one Van Braam Honchgust, the Dutch Governor
of an East India island, who erected an elegant mansion upon it, and named it "China
Retreat." From him it passed to Captain Sims. Captain John Green, son-in-law of
Captain Sims, was the first American sea captain to carry our flag to China. He died,
in 1797. In 1833 an additional building was erectedand a school established there called
" Bristol College," but lived only a few years. The buildings were used as an hospital dur-
ing the War of the Rebellion, and afterward a State school for the education of colored
soldiers' orphans, was opened there. Captain Alden Partridge established a military
school at China Retreat about 1842-3, which was kep up fur a few years.

78 THE FRIES REBELLION.

pointed a Brigadier-General in the United States army on
March i8. At the time he held the same commission in the
militia of Pennsylvania, which he resigned on the 22d, so as
to accept the new honors that awaited him. General Mac-
pherson resided in Philadelphia, and, after the Revolution |
raised and commanded a celebrated volunteer corps known as '
the " Macpherson Blues," which, in its day, was the best
drilled corps of citizen soldiery in the country. The troop of
cavalry ordered out from Bucks belonged to the lower end of
the county, and commanded by Captain Walter Sims. He
was preparing to leave the country when the order of the
Adjutant-General was issued, and, the next day. tendered his
resignation as captain. The letter was addressed to the first
lieutenant, William Rodman,' and answered on the 23d, in the
name of the company. As we have not found any evidence of
an election to fill the vacancy of Captain Sims being held be-
fore the troop marched, it probably went out under Lieutenant
Rodman. General Macpherson subsequently ordered out a
company of cavalry from Cumberland county.

Not considering the militia called out sufficient to quell the
disturbance, the War Department ordered all the regulars
that could be spared from other service to join them. The
number was about 500, and they were ordered to rendezvous 1
at Newtown' and Bristol' and from there proceed to the seat
of war. Two companies left New York, March 17, for Bris-
tol, there to await the arrival of other troops; a detachment,

jii(

5 William Rodman, grandson of Dr. John Rodman, who settled at Burlington, N. J.,
early in the last century, was born in Bensalem township, Bucks county, 1757. He was a
patriot in the Rovolution ; a member of the State Senate, and was elected to Congress
in i8r2, serving two terms. The late Mrs. John Fox, of Doylestown, was his niece,
daughter of his Brother Gilbert.

* Newtown, the county seat of Bucks county from 1725 to 1813, is situated in a delight-
ful country, six miles from the Delaware and twenty-five from Philadelphia. The popu-
lation is about 1500. It was to this place Washington brought the captured Hessians
from Trenton, December 26, 1776,

' Bristol is on the west bank of the Delaware, opposite Burlington, N. J., twenty
miles above Philadelphia. It was made the county seat of Bucks in 1705, and so re-
mained until its removal to Newtown in 1725. It is the only sea-port in the county.
Population, 5000.

Ire:

)(1

THE FRIES REBELLION 79

mder Captain Jolin Henry* reached Trenton' from New
;^ork on the 23d; encamped there over night, and marched to
<Jewtovvn the next morning, there to await further orders.
)n the 2 1st a detachment of artillery, under Lieutenant
Voolstencroft" passed through Harrisburg from Reading: on
he 27th Captain Irvine's" artillery marched from Carlisle;"
.nd, on the 30th, a company, commanded by Captain Shoe-
naker,'^ sixty strong, passed through Lancaster'^ all for the

* John Henry, Pennsylvania, was appointed captain of arlilleryists and engineers
une I, 1798, and resigned December 31, 1801.

. 8 Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, is at the head of tide water on the Delaware. It
/as founded by William Trent, a successful merchant of Philadelphia, about 1715.
i'rent died in 1724. The town increased rapidly. It was made a borough in 1746, and
. post office established as early as 1734. This was the scene of tlie capture of the Hes-
ians by Washington, the turning of the tide in Revolutionary affairs. The population
if Trenton is about 75,000 and it is the seat of extensive and valuable manufactures.

'« Charles Woolstencroft, of Pennsylvania, was appointed lieutenant 2d artillerists and
ngineers June 4, 179S ; in regiment of artillerists April i, 1802; promoted captain
'/larch 15, 1805; transferred to corps of artillery May 12, 1814, and died September 28,
817. He received the brevet rank of major March 15, 1815, for 10 years' faithful service
n one grade.

" Callender Irvine, of Pennsylvania, was appointed captain 2d artillerists and engin-
;ers June i, 179S, and resigned May 20, 1801 ; appointed superintendent of military
itores October 24, 1804; appointed commissary general of purchases August 8, 1812, and
lied October 9, 1841, at Pliiladelphia, Penna.

1- Carlisle, the county seat of Cumberland, was laid out in 1701, and a survey of the
own and adjacent lands made in 1702. It was so named from Carlisle, in Cumberland
;ounty, England. In (753 it contained but five dwellings. It was the seat of a govern-
ment cavalry school for many years; the barracks being built in 1777 by the Hessians
:aptured at Trenton were burnt down by Lees forces when they invaded the Cum-
serland Valley in June, 1863. Dickinson's College, chartered by the Legislature, 1783,
s located at Carlisle. Few sections of the State are richer in historic incidents.

" Peter Shoemaker, of Pennsylvania, was appointed ensign, 2d infantry, April 11,
[792 ; in 2d sub-legion, September 4, 1792; ist lieutenant, March 3, 1793; captain,
March 3, 1799; honorably discharged June 29, 1800.

" The city of Lancaster, the capital of the county of the same name, is on the Penn-
sylvania railroad, between Philadelphia and Harrisburg, sixty miles from the latter. It
was laid out by Governor Hamilton, 1730 ; became the seat of justice in 1734, and was
incorporated, 1742, It was an important place in Revolutionary times. Congress re-
paired there in September, 1777, and thence removed to York. It is the seat of Franklin
ind Marshal College. Lancaster is in the heart of one of the very finest agricultural re-
gions in the country, and for a long time enjoyed the reputation of being the largest in-
land town in the United States. It contains many industries. Lancaster was the capi-
tal of the State for some time, and the seat of government was removed to Harris-
burg, 1812.

So THE FRIES REBELLION.

same destinatioi^ The President also made requisition on the
executive of New Jersey for two thousand militia, to hold
themselves in readiness to march. Of this force the eight
troops of cavalry were to be prepared to march at a moment's
notice. The order provides that, " Those who shall be warned
for duty in consequence of these orders are to take care that
their swords be not loose, but well riveted in their belts, that
their blades be sharp and bright, their pistols clean, and in
good order for videt duty ; their horses at all times well shod,
fed, and gently exercised, their saddles and valise pads well
stuffed, and their girths and breast plates sufficiently strong."
This order was issued on March 22. As Governor Mifflin was
an old soldier he understood the importance of minute direc-
tions on such occasion. At a meeting of Captain Mosher s
company of infantry, at Lancaster, it was resolved they were
ready to march at a moment's warning for the support of gov-
ernment. The Daily Advertiser, of March 30, says that
various detachments of regular troops are already on the
march for Northampton, which will, it is supposed, form a
body of about 500 men.

The time for the marching of the force from Philadelphia
under the immediate command of General Macpherson, was
fixed for April 3, and on the first instant the following orders
were issued :

" GENERAL ORDERS."

The troops, which are under orders to march on Wednes-
day, the 3d instant, will assemble on their own parades pre-
cisely at 8 o'clock, a. m., on that day, in a complete state of
preparation to take up the line of march.

"The different commanding officers will receive their in-
structions as to the route, &c,, on Tuesday morning at 10
o'clock, for which purpose they will attend at my quarters.
Lieutenant John Williams, of the 2d troop of cavalry, of the
Blues, is appointed aide-de-camp, and is to be respected ac-
cordingly." (Signed) William Macpherson,
Philadelphia, April i, ijgg. Brigadier-General.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 8l

For some reason, not explained, tlie march of the troops
was delayed until Thursday, April 4, at 8 o'clock, a. m., to
which effect orders were issued on the 2d. The comnimd was
to rentlezvous on the evening- of that day at the Spring- House
tavern, on the Ridge Road, sixteen milei from Philadelphia,
whence the)' were to march for the disaffected districts.

Despite the orders to march on the 4th, the entire force did
not leave on that day. One company of United States Ar-
tillery, commanded by Captain Elliott," left the city on the 3d,
the day first named, and, on Friday, the 5th, two troops of
volunteer cavalry, and the four city troops of horse, got off,
but the main body, under command of General Macpherson
in person, left the morning of the 4th. They assembled at
their quarters at an earl\' hour; thence proceeded to the
place of general rendezvous, and took up the march amid the
shouts of the populace. As they passed through the city to
the sounds of martial music, with frying colors, and "decked
in all the pomp, pride and circumstance of glorious war," they
created a great sensation. The streets were lined with citizens
who had turned out to witness the display ; and while the men
whirled their hats and shouted their huzzas, the ladies waved
their handkerchiefs and otherwise manifested their admira-
tion of the glittering pageant. But once since the close of the
war of Independence had so large a body of troops been
called together in this section of the Union, and, upon this
occasion, the number, as Avell as the nature of their service,
caused the display to receive more than usual eclat. Passing
out of the city the troops struck the Ridge Road,'" along
which they marched to the Spring House, Montgomery
county, where they made their camp the same evening.

As they marched through the country, the people flocked to

'5 Joseph Elliott, South Carolina, was appointed Lieutenant of Artillery, March 14,
1792; transferred to ist artillery and engineers, May 9, 1794; promoted captain July
19, 1796, and resigned December 29, iSoo.

1' The Ridge Road opened about 1700-1701, was one of the early roads leading from
the Whitemarsh district to Philadelphia. In " Watson's Annals" I find this mention of
it: "William Harmer, John Fisher, Daniel Howell, Edward Burch, Thomas Rutter and
Nicholas Scull applied (to Colonial Council) for a road from the limelcilns for carting of
lime to Philadelphia, extending from the ' kilns into Plymouth road near Bressoon.' This
■ was the beginning of this road. The recent History of Montgomery county says : "We

82 THE FRIES REBELLION.

the highways to gaze at the " Federal Army," as they called
it, but. as the expedition was disapproved, they received but
few marks of approbation in the rural districts.

Headquarters was still at the Spring House on the 9th, on
which day General Macpherson issued an address to the in-
habitants of the disaffected districts. It was published in
German, and the object appears to have been to call the peo-
ple back to their duty; but inasmuch as they had ceased their
opposition to the law some time before, and quietly submit-
ed to its provisions, the address was uncalled for and without
effect. The advent of the troops had a tendency to irritate
any existing soreness in the public mind, instead of allaying
it, and therefore did harm instead of good. The following is
the address :

" William Macpherson, Brigadier-General" of the armies of
the United States, commander of the troops ordered to act
against the insurgents of the counties of Northampton, Mont-
gomery and Bucks, in the State of Pennsylvania, to the peo-
ple of the aforesaid counties :

Fellow Citizens : — " Being ordered by the President of
the United States to employ the troops under my command,
or, according to circumstances, further military force to pro-
cure submission to the laws of the United States, and to sup-
press and disperse all unlawful combinations, which have been
made to obstruct the execution of the aforesaid laws, or any
of them, by main force and power, I, therefore, have thought ]

know, by William Scull's map, of 1770, that the Egypt or Ridge road had been laid out
for several years, for it is denoted thereon as leading to Friends' Meeting house in
Providence." On a map of Norriton, made in 1771, it is called " Road to Philadelphia
called Egypt road." It was extended through the borough of Norristown sometime be"
fore 1770. The Ridge Road terminates in Philadelphia at Ninth and Vine streets, and is
known after it enters the city limits as Ridge Avenue, and is a much traveled highway
leading to the northwestern part of the city, on which a line of passenger cars runs. In
1829, the United States mail was robbed on the Ridge Road, within the present built-up
portion of the city, which created great excitement at the time. The robbers, Porter,
Wilson and Potete were arrested and tried. One of them turned states evidence and the
two others were hanged. How far General Macpherson marched on the Ridge Road
before leaving it and striking across country to the Bethlehem road along which he
marched to reach the Spring House, is not knovv'n. No doubt he marched up Ninth
street, to Vine, and there took the Ridge Road, as this seems to have been his most
practicable way of leaving the city.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 83

it proper to inform the people of the said counties, and all
others whom it may concern, of the danger to which they ex-
pose themselves by combining in unlawful proceedings, or
giving any assistance or encouragement to those who are con-
cerned therein ; and likewise to re[)resent to them how just
it is to submit to the laws, in general, but particularly to those
against which they have opposed themselves in the most
violent manner. It cannot be unknown to you, my fellow
citizens, nor to any part of the people of the United States
that submission to the laws, constitutionally made, is abso-
lutely necessary for the support of the government ; and that
in a republic, where laws are made by general consent, this
consent must be manifested by the majority of such persons
as have been appointed for that jnirpose by the people in
general, according to the constitution."

After pointing out the duty and necessity of the people to
submit to the laws when made, he proceeds to discuss the
constitutional power of Congress to lay the tax in question,
and points out the article under which the law was passed.
" The United States were threatened with the resentment of a
very powerful, very ambitious and very revengeful nation,"
and that the tax was necessary to raise money in order "to
provide for the common defense and general welfare" of the
country. He next speaks of the tax and the manner in which
it was to be assessed, of which he says :

" In laying this tax Congress paid the greatest attention to
the situation and wants of the people, and distributed it in
such manner the burden almost totally falls on the richer
part, and the poorer class are greatly screened from the effects
thereof. It is laid on land, dwelling houses and slaves ; but
as there are no slaves in this State, the whole tax falls upon
the lands and dwelling houses. The lands are to be taxed
exactly to their value, be the owner whom he may, but the
dwelling houses are appraised at a different rate. The poor
man whose house, outhouses and lot, not exceeding two acres,
are worth less than $100 has nothing to pay ; and if it were
worth $100 the tax would be only 20 cents. According to the
same rule, other houses of a higher value pay as follows: If

^4 THE FRIES REBELLION.

worth $200, 40 cents ; $300, 60 cents ; $400, 80 cents, and
$500, one dollar, from which you will perceive, my fellow-
citizens, that the house tax is according to the value of the
house, at 20 cents to $100; but for houses from $500 to a
$1000 value the tax rises for each $iOO, 30 cents ; so that a
house of the value of $600 will have to pay six times 30 cents
or $1.80., If worth $700, $2.10; $800, $2.40; $900, $2.70;
$1000, $3.

"At this rate the rich man, with a house rated at $1000, has
to pay three times as much tax as the poor man whose house
is rated at one-half that sum, viz: $500; and thus the tax
operates progressively to the most costly houses and opulent
people, until the value of their houses is taxed in proportion,
five times as high as those of their poorer fellow citizens,
whose houses are worth only from $100 to $500. A house
worth $100 pays 20 cents, which is only the one-fifth part of
one per cent, of its value ; a house worth $30>,cco paj-s $300,
which is one whole per cent, of its value, and consequently
five times as much in proportion as the former. Hereb)',
my fellow citizens, you must be convinced that an opposition
to this tax in our counties is not only contrary to the Con-
stitution, the laws, and every principle of good government,
but, in itself, inconsistent and ridiculous, as the tax which is
opposed is the most easy on the poorest citizens, whom they
irritate to opposition. Many of their houses., however, would
have no tax to pay, an.d very few more than $1.00 each, for
very few of their houses would be rated at more than $500.
It is true, they will be subject to a land tax, but the tax on
houses must first be deducted from the whole quota of the
State, and what is then deficient will be laid upon the land.
The houses in this State will probably pay the greatest part
of the tax, perhaps the whole, and, in that case, no tax will
be laid upon the land, and those whose houses are rated at
less than one hundred dollars will be exempt from the tax.
As a further proof of the attention of Congress to the wishes
and accommodations of the people, they have, during the
last session, repealed that part which required a statement of
the windows of each dwelling house, and which, as it after-

THE FRTKS KKBELLION. 85

ward appeared, \i'as more disagreeable than nccessar)- or
useful. Therefore no further account of the windows has
been demanded. I'o ascertain the value of the lands and
houses was a difficult matter, anti connc.-cted with a i^reat deal
of expense, but wdien once done need not be rej)eated. Cireat
pains were takcMi and the most effective measures employed to
select people of j^ood character who understood the business
well, and whose interest weie ecjually involved with their fel-
low citizens to have the business accurately executed. " He-
sides, this act is not perpetual, being only for one year, and
will n< t be continued unless the pul)lic good demands it, and
not otiierw'se than with the consent of the i:)eopie through
their representatives. As for those wlio have, in so treason-
able a manner, opposed the execution of such lawful, necessary,
and, for that part of the citizens who are the least able to pay
taxes, indulgent law, there can, therefore, be p.o excuse. The
bad consequences which they draw upon themselves by their
criminal conduct the\' cannot impute but to their own blind-
ness, obstinac}' and malice. On tlie contrar\', ever\' necessary
step will, and must be, taken to bring them, and all others who
have aided and abetted them, to sidDmission and trial by due
, course of law, in order that their punishment may serve as an
example to others and prevent a Jike course in the future.
The necessity of emploving arms against a number of our
fellow citizens is painful, but the consccjuences must be im-
puted to those, whose traitorous conduct has produced the
present disturbances, and not to government, who, according
to its most sacred duties, is obliged to maintain order, and
enforce obedience to the laws.

" Rut all those wh.o return quietly to t'.eir homes, and
abstain from any participation in these unlawful acts, either
through open aid or secret abetting, counsel, or information,
shall obtain the utmost protection to their persons and
property.

" Every precaution shall be taken that the march of the
troops shall not be troublesome to the citizens; all subsistance
shall be punctually paid for, and the strictest discipline ob-
served. Let me, therefore, my fellow citizens, warn and

S6 THE FRIES REBELLION".

entreat you as you love your country and extenuate the happi-
ness consistent with liberty, order and peace ; as you wish to
avoid the necessity of human bloodshed, which is as much
repugnant to my wishes as those of the President ; as you
abhor the horrors of a civil war, and the crimes and punish-
ment of traitors, let me conjure you to shut your ears against
the counsels of those malicious persons who would lead you
to destruction in order to satisfy their own ambition, while
they screen themselves from punishment due to their crimes;
who try to seduce you to take up arms against the laws and
governments of your country, and involve yourselves in a
contest, as hopeless as it is criminal, against the power of the
United States; who speak to you of peace and liberty while
they are kindling civil war; who complain of expenses while
they are forcing the government to augment them, in order to
suppress sedition and revolt ; and who plume themselves
upon being Republicans, while transgressing the most essential
principles of Republican government ; to wit : obedience to
the laws made by the decision of the majority.

"Therefore, I forewarn you not to aid or abet those violaters
of the law in any manner, so that you may avoid a participa-
tion of their crimes, and the consequent punishment.

"Given under my hand and seal at Headquarters, April
6, 1799."

(Signed) WiLLlAM Macpherson.

(Signed) John Williams, Aid-de-Camp.

^■he f^T'ie^ Rebellion.

CHAPTER IX.

t^ev. Cl-^arles Menr-y I lelmutH Issues aii Address

When the address of General Macpherson was pubh'shed, it
was accompanied by a letter, from the Rev. Mr. Hehiiuth/ ad-
dressed to the German population in general, and the people
of Northampton, in particular:

"TO THE TEOrLE OF NORTHAMPTON COUNTY."

"■ Frioids and Brethren in the Faith : — Excuse my address-
ing these lines to you ; where there is fire, everybody is bound
to extinguish it, and the clergyman is no more to be blamed
for lending his aid than any other citizen. I am depressed
with anxiety on your account. I know the consequence of
conduct like yours ; many of you will doubtless be appre-
hended and confined, some perhaps will pay the forfeit with
their lives. You know it is the duty of the clergy of the city
to warn such miserable persons, and prepare them as much as
in their power for the awful change. My heart was much op-
pressed.

1 J. Henry Charles Helmuth was a distinguished Lutheran clergyman, of Philadelphia,
for his piety and zeal, and he is credited with hoping his appeal to the German popula-
tion might restore quiet and order. We give both the address of General Macpherson
and Mr. Helmuth because they are part of the documents bearing on the "Rebellion,"
and help to make up its history. Macpherson's address is a stilted affair and not called
for. From its date, the Rev. Jlelmuth's letter was written before the troops marched,
and not published until after that of the General's. A citizen of Northampton replied
to it with some bitterness, calling him to account for meddling with things that did not
concern him. We were not able to find a copy of this letter among the contemporane-
ous records and newspapers we examined.

(87)

gg THE FRIES REBELLION.

" I thou;^ht, alas ! perhaps the same circumstances as those of
1794 will again occur; perhaps other thoughtless people will
fall into the same wretched situation because they were igno-
rant, and were deluded, and what would be your feelings if you
had to witness their sorrow and anguish, their agonies of
death? You should have warned the miserable creatitres ; he
would then perhaps have been saved; but you neglected to
warn him, and are therefore responsible for the destruction of
him and h.is. Such were the melancholy reflections that in-
duced me to write you these lines.

" 1 trust that \'ou will thii k, vv^hen you read this, as you may
in truth : This man is sincere for our welfare — why then
should we think it improper in him to send us this advice .•' If
he even should now and then say some things that are not
perfectly agreeable to us we will still take it in good p.irt, for,
perhaps, he is in the right, perhaps we have been deluded, we
may have been deceived. If such be your thoughts you will
soon find them perfectly correct.

"You have hitherto entitled yourselves to the character of
industrious and religious citizens of the Union, and most of
the Germans still deserve that praise ; but, sorrowful to re-
late, you have suffered yourselves to be spurred on to the
most abominable injustice, to actual rebellion against the
government you yourselves have chosen. How happy it is
that your number is but small, amongst the serious, and that
the far greater part of them view your inconsiderate conduct
Avith detestation ! You all know that government cannot ex-
ist without taxes ; at least your Bible should so instruct you ;
read Romans, I2th chap., 1-7 ; read it attentively.

" Do but reflect reasonably on your conduct. Even the holy
passion week have you profaned with the works of actual re-
bellion. You have undertaken to oppose a tax, which is as
favorable to the country people as any tax can possibly be ;
for the rich inhabitants of the cities pay by far the greatest
proportion of it ; you have undertaken to oppo.se the tax
which never would have been made had not the govern-
ment been necessitated to make defensive preparations against
the attacks of the French ; a nation that aims at the over-

THE FRIES REBELLION. '89

throw an-.l distraction of all religion, against a people that
would scarcely have dared to attack and plunder us if they
had not bjen certain they had their adv^ocates among us.

"You do not consider the dreadful consequences of such
opposition as you have made ; I will therefore inform you of
some of them.

" In the first place, an army of several thousand men will
be m irched into your neighborhood ; you well know that in
spite of every possible attention of commanding officers, ex-
cesses will be committed by an army. You will be more or
less prevented from following your usual occupations, and
yourselves and families will be put in greater terror and ap-
prehension.

"Second, Tiie army will cost money, and the money the
government will have to raise by direct ta.xes, for which you
must thank your own opposition. The western expedition in
1794 cost a million of dollars ; from this you miy judge what
expenses you will bring on yourselves and fellow citizens by
your scandalous insurrections.

" Thirdly, If you make any further opposition you will
necessarily be treated as rebels, and, before a month has
passed, many of you will be in prison. They will be torn
from their wives and children, and some will probably suffer
an ignominious death.

" Alas ! my heart bleeds for you. You have been told a
thousand falsehoods. You have been told that the militia ap-
proved of your violence, and would not march against you.
But you have been wrongfully deceived. For my own part I
have heard many speak of your conduct, but I have not heard
one approve of it ; your best friends (if those are your best
friends who agreed with you in political opinions) say the oc-
currences in Northampton are very unjustifiable ; the in-
surgents must be subdued ; what would become of us if every-
body were to create an insurrection ? This is the substance of
what is thought and said of your conduct— and you may de-
pend upon it, that the government could, at a very short no-
tice, muster upward of 20,000 men, if such a number were

go THE FRIES REBELLION.

necessary, wlio would willingly march against you. Every
one cries shame ! shame ! upon you.

" I beseech you to mark well the character of these men
who have enticed you to tiiis insurrection. Are there not
many of them who spend more money at the taverns in the
course of a few evenings than their whole tax amounts to ?
Honest Christian men will never advise to rebellion, but more
especially against a government which has scarcely its equal
under the suti. No ; the)' are wicked, restless men, who have
deceived themselves and you.

" It is your misfortune that you have suffered the habit, to
grow upon you, of scandalizing the government ; of cursing,
instead of blessing it ; and then indeed there are enough to be
found, who, having particular ends in view, will scheme with
you ; persons who wish for your friendship on election day, in
order that they may get a lucrative office under the very gov-
ernment that they blaspheme. When matters come to ex-
tremities, these deluders know perfectly well how to slip their
necks out of the halter and let the deluded suffer. These,
who, in comparison with the former, are innocent, will be left
to bake as their deceivers have brewed. Think of me when
you experience this sorrowful truth.

"Alas! you have been most scandalously deceived: from
my sold I pity you ! But what is now to be done ? Listen, and
take m\^ advice. It is possible that the Marshal will be sent
with an armed force to seize the wretches who ojaposed him
in arms. For God's sake do not let yourselves be prevailed
upon to abet those rebels; for should you be found in their
company, you will certainly be punished with them.

" Rather endeavor to persuade them to deliver themselves
up to the proper authority, and this would be the wisest
course they could pursue; but if they will not do so give the
Marshal every assistance he may require, for it is your duty.

" Take my advice ; affection for you and the impulse of con-
science have compelled me to write you this letter.

THE FUIKS RKBKI.LION. 9I

If you follow my counsels you will tlo well, if not, I have
done ni}' duty. Re assured that I remain your friend,"

(Signed) "J. Hkx\kv Chari.ES Helmuth."

" Philadelphia, March 28, I'jgg^

The troops quartered at the Spring House" tavern and farm
houses in the neighborhood the night of April 4, and, the
iiext morning, several cavalry companies resumed the march
up the old Bethlehem roacP for Seller's tavern." This was the

'•i The Spring House is on the Rethleheni road, in Gwynedd township, Monijjoniery
county, twenty miles from Philadelphia. It is an old settlement. The inn has been a
famous hostelry in its time and was probably licensed as early as 1735. The village con-
sists of a store and a dozen houses. I'\iur incorporated turnpikes meet here. On his
pedestrian Uip to Niagara, iSo^, Alexander Wilson, the ornithologist, stopped over
night at the Spring House, and wrote its praise inverse :

" The road was good, tlie passing scenery gay.
Mile after mile passed unperceived away.
Till in the west the day began to close,

And Spring House tavern furnished us repose,
There two long rows ui' market folks were seen,

Ranged front to front, the table placed between.
Where bags of meat and bones, and crusts <>f bread,

And hunks of bacon all around were spread ;
One pint of beer from liij to lip went round.

And scarce a crumb the hungry house dog found ;
Torrents of Dutch from every quarter came.

Pigs, calves and saurkrout the important theme ;
While we, on future ]jlans revolving deep.

Discharged our Ijills and straight retired to sleep."

'■' The Bethlehem road was originally laifl out from the land of Peter Trexler, in the
present Lehigh county, then in Pucks, to the Spring llnuse tavern, Philadelphia county,
now Montgomery, i735- '*>' R"bert Thomas, John Ro.jeris, Hugh Evans, and Jan Jan-
sen, viewers. It was one of the great arteries of travel for more than a century from ],e-
high to Philadelphia, and was tapped by numerous latteral roads. It was gradually ex-
tended up the country as the settlements went north, reaching Nathaniel Irish's stone
quarry, in the Hellertown road, at Iron Hill, 1738, and Bethlehem and Nazareth, 1745.
It crossed the Lehigh a short distance below Bethlehem, at the head of the island now
ownedby the Bethlehem Iron Company. It was piked in 1S05-06. The Old Bethlehem
road unites with the New Bethlehem road at Line Lexington.

* Sellers' tavern, the present Sellersvilie, is on the North Penn. railroad, in Rockhill
township, Bucks county, and, before the railroad was built, was a noted inn on the Beth-
lehem road. Philip Henry ZoUer was the first of the family to settle in that section
about the middle of the last century. His son, Samuel Sellers, built a house and opened
a tavern there, about 1780, a small stone square structure, two stories and an attic. Here
his son, Thomas, was born, 1787. On the death of his father he took possession and
owned it many pears, keeping a store and tavern. He was the first postmaster, 1S20;
was prominent in affairs, and elected sheriff and to the Legislature. It has had several
owners, each occupant making some alterations. After Thomas Sellers came Peter
Kneckel, Amos Jacoby, Simon Jacoby, Harry Jacoby &c., down to C. M. Hartzell, the

g2 THE FRIES REBELLION.

present Sellersville in Rockhill township/ Bucks county, on
the line of the North Pennsylvania railroad. They got there
that day and encamped on the farm of Andrew SchHchter,
which, we believe, is still in the family, and was occupied by a
grandson a few years ago. General Macpherson probably did
not follow with the main body until the 6th, as his address
bears the date of that day. There is, however, a conflict as to
the date of its publication, for while the address itself is dated
the 6th, the Philadelphia Daily Achtertiser^ states it was pro-
mulgated on the 5th, the day the cavalry resumed their
march. If this date be correct General Macpherson probably
marched with the cavalry. The whole force was now as-
sembled at Sellers' tavern, where headquarters was established.
Judge Peters arrived at ii o'clock on Saturday morning to be
at hand to bind over, for appearance at court, any persons who
might be arrested. General Macpherson appointed Robert
Goodloe Harper,' Esq., an additional aide-de-camp, and other

present owner. The interior was recently modernized, and a new porch built in front,
but the old walls are there. The village was erected into a borough, 1874, and the popu-
lation is about 1200.

* Rockhill, a townsliip in Bucks county, was settled by Germans between 1720 and
1730, and that nationality continues largely the ruling element. It lies in the northwest
section of the county and borders Montgomery. The township was organized in 1740,
with an area of 14,343 acres, and is one of the most pxjpulus townships in the county.
Perkasie Manor, a tract of 10,000 acres, granted by William Penn, in trust to his son
John, 1 701, was partly in Rockhill. The township is well watered and fertile. Sellers'
tavern, the first objective point of Macpherson's army, is in Rockhill township.

5 The Daily Advertiser, which had its birth as The Peniisyli'atiia Packet and General
Advertiser, 1771, and was the first newspaper established in Philadelphia, in the Revolu-
tionary period. Its publisher was John Dunlap, a man of varied abilities and broad en-
terprise, and took David C. Claypole into partnership. In 1784 it developed into a daily,
the first daily newspaper published in America, under the name of The Daily Adver-
tiser. It wielded great influence. On September 19, 1796, Washington's farewell ad-
dress to the people of the United States, first appeared in its columns, the manuscript of
which Washington allowed Claypole to retain. During the prevalence of the'yellow
fever in Philadelphia, in the summer and early fall of 1798, the office of the Advertiser
was removed to Germantown. The paper ceased to exist many years ago.

' Robert Goodloe Harper was born near Fredericksburg, Va., in 1765. For a time he
served in the army during the Revolution, He graduated at Princeton, 1785; was ad-
mitted to the Bar of Charleston, S. C, 1786; member of Congress, 1794-1801. Served
in the War of 1812, being promoted from Colonel to Major-General. He was elected
U. S. Senator from Maryland and served in that body, 1816-1821. As an associate of
Joseph Hopkinson he participated in the impeachment trial of Judge Chase of the U. S.
Supreme Court ; in 1821 he became the Federalist candidate for Vice President of the
United States. He was an eminent jurist and statesman. He died at Baltimore, January
15. 1825.

THE FRIES REBELLION, 93

arrangements were made to perfect the organization of the
troops, and have them in the best possible shape for the war
they were about entering on.

From this point the active operations of the campaign were
to commence. Thev^ were within striking distance of the
houses of the leaders of the disturbance in Bucks county,
whom they sought to secure. Fries was the first object of
capture, and, the same day the troops encamped at Sellers'
tavern, a scout was organized to effect his arrest. Some of his
acquaintance had given General Macpherson information of
his whereabouts, and one, a neighbor, agreed to accompany
the troops as guide. The detail for this purpose consisted of
four companies of cavalry, two commanded by Captains Port-
er and Wharton, but the names of the commanders of the
other two we have not been able to learn. The troops left
camp soon after noon piloted by David Penrose, who lived at
Bunker Hill." It was known he was engaged that day to cry
a vendue for one Fried at this place, and it was the intention
to capture him while thus employed. They continued their
march up the old Bethlehem road in the direction of that
point.

In the forenoon, when Fries was on his way to the vendue,
he passed by the residence of William Edwards, father of the
late Caleb Edwards, Ouakertown, who, with his son, was
making fence along the road. Mr. Edwards told Paries he
would be arrested if he went to the vendue, and he had bet-
ter stay away. He replied he was not afi'aid, and that no one
or two men would take him. Edwards said there would be
more than one or two there, but Fries made no reply and con-
tinued on his way. He was afoot and accompanied by his
little black dog. Mr. Edwards' son soon m'ounted his father's
stallion and rode down to the vendue, where a large number
of people were collected ; the fact that the troops were ex-
pected probably bringing more together than usually as-
sembled at such places. When the troops were first seen ap-

8 Bunker Hill is on the New Bethlehem road, the line between Richland and Rockhill
townships, and contains a store and a dozen dwellings. The old inn has been closed
many years.

g4 THE FRIES REBELLION",

preaching, about half a mile below the tavern, Fries was o
the head of a barrel, bell in his hand crying off an article ;:
this he knocked down to the bidder without much cere-
mony, then jumped to the ground and took to his heels.
The commanding officer rode up and ordered the people tO'
stand, but, having become alarmed, they did not heed his
order, and broke and ran in all directions, pursued by the
troopers. Among the others was one Trumbower, who,
choosing to trust to his heels, was chased by a soldier. He made
for a fence which he mounted and sprang over, but just at this
time the trooper rode up and made a stroke at him with his
sabre, which he fortunately avoided and the blow fell upon
the fence. The sabre was broken into three pieces, and Trum-
bower made his escape. The name of the soldier was Owen
Foulke, belonging to one of the Philadelphia companies of
cavalry. Caleb Edwards ran for his horse which he mounted
to ride home ; he was stopped by the soldiers ; but David
Penrose, the guide, coming up, told them to let him go, and
he was permitted to ride away.

In the meantime Fries had succeeded in getting away from
the crowd, and, for the time being, eluded his persuers. In
the confusion, which followed the arrival of the troops and
flight of the crowd, it was some little time before an attempt
was made to follow him. As none of the command knew him,
they had to trust to their guide for his recognition. A search
was instituted among those who remained upon the ground
and about the premises, and, not finding him, inquiry was
made as to the direction he had taken. This information was
soon furnished. Upon leaving the vendue ground, Fries made
for a nearby swamp, in a meadow on the farm of John Kach-
line, half a mile from Bunker Hill, where he concealed him-
self in a bunch of briars. The soldiers distributed themselves
through the meadow as he was suspected of being there, and
made a thorough search. He would have remained undis-
covered, had not the presence of his dog betrayed his hiding
place. He offered no resistance. He was brought back to
the tavern, when a horse of Samuel Edwards was seized, upon

THE -FRIES REBEELEON. '95

which he was tied and taken under the escort of the troops
down to Sellers' tavern, where he was placed in close confine-
ment.

There is a difference of opinion as to the place of capture
of Fries. The Philadelphia Advertiser of April 8, 1799,
jn speaking- of the affair, states he was taken in a wood and
was not secured until after a pursuit of nearly five miles. Our
information was obtained from Caleb Edwards, of Quakertown,
who was present at the vendue the day of the arrest, and was
conversant with all the facts of the case. We think his state-
ment more reliable than that of a newspaper editor who lived
at a distance of thirty miles from the scene of action. The
same evening a detachment of cavalry from the first and third
city troops left camp about sunset to arrest Eberhart, another
of the insurgents. He was taken in his own house, in the
night, and, of course, made no resistance. The troops called at
the houses of several other disaffected persons, but found none
of them at home, they having probably fled at their approach.
They returned to camp the ne.xt morning before day-break,
after a ride of between forty and fifty miles. As soon as
Eberhart heard of the approach of the troops, he became
much alarmed and began to sec the danger in which he stood.
The day that Fries was taken he called upon Mr. Foulke and
begged him to shield him from the militar}%and pleaded, in ex-
tenuation of the opposition he had made to the law, that he
was drunk at the time. An officer, who writes from the camp
at Sellers' tavern, under date of April 6, says when the cap-
ture of Fries was announced, "The joy manifested on this oc-
casion was not to be described ; the cheers from the encamp-
ment were loud and repeated." The following extract from a
letter written at Quakertown, on April 8, considered the mat-
ter in a less serious light, and the writer presumed to turn the
campaign and capture of Fries into ridicule. The author was
probably an ofificer or soldier of the command although that
fact is not stated. He says:

" It will doubtless afford you much satisfaction to hear of
the success of our arms against the rebels. Truxton's splen-
did naval victory must yield to the superior splendor of the

g6 THE FRIES REBELLION.

late action, which took place on the 5th instant, in the neigh-
borhood of Quakertovvn. Fries, the noted insurgent leader,
who, by profession, is a vendue cryer, and who, on that ac-
count, had obtained some ascendency over the multitude, was
informed on the morning of the day of the action, (which was
a day on which he was also to cry a vendue) that the federal
troops were in the neighborhood, and that they were resolved
to capture him, and all the world beside if they opposed them.
Fries laughed at the account, said he would cry the vendue in
spite of the standing army, and seemed to talk as if he was
not afraid of them. However, while he was busily engaged in
his work of the lungs to his great surprise he beheld, about
half a mile distant, the troops approaching. He carried no
arms for his defence but his heels, and, of course, the formid-
able appearaiice of a regular and disciplined eirviy struck him
with such a panic he threw down the fire shovel he was crying
and made the best of his way to the woods.

" The troops, with uncommon spirit and intrepidity marched
on towards the crowd assembled at the vendue, and, with a
menacing air, demanded the leader of the rebels. A boy of
about eighteen, never having (I suppose) seen such boldness
and intrepidity in military array, fled with uncommon precipita-
tion. Several of the troopers desirous of exhibiting their zeal
and activity in the cause of humanity, pursued the poor soul.
For some time, by dint of dodging and taking the advantage
of fences, he kept them at bay. They grew more and more
warm, as the battle increased in dif^culty, and at last dis-
charged their pistols at him and shot a hole through his hat ;
this brought him to the ground. The troops drew their
swords, and it is declared, by a person near the scene of action,
that they wounded him severely, and would, no doubt, have
killed him, had not some of those that were in the war been
informed, that the person captured was not Fries, but a Dutch
boy, 18 ! ! ! Fries had a dog — (this dog, no doubt, will be en-
titled to a commission or a pension for life for his services) —
this dog having missed his master was in search of him.
Though as rank a rebel as Fries, no doubt, yet it is ten to one,
that the sharp-scented warrior would not have smelt his track,

THE FRIES REBELLION. 97

and of course he would have escaped, had it not been for his
own ofificei-s and federal dog. The troops, understanding that
Fries had gone such a particular course, and upon some per-
sons among the insurgents panting after him, the troops had
the dog as a pilot, till they finally came in sight of the true
rebel. Thus was Fries taken by his dog. A dog worth two
of Homer's hero's dogs ! for he has, in a manner, quelled the
formidable insurrection, an insurrection that has called forth
the energies of government from all quarters. Now, if this
Federal dog is treated according to his n^.erit, he will doubt-
less obtain an appointment in the army; a troop of dogs under
his command might be used to great advantage among the
savage Germans, and thus might tluy obtain new iKinors
ec|ual to the dogs of Cortez in South America."

Another informant says that the night after the arrest of
Fries, he was taken to the house of Samuel Thomas, father of
the late Edward Thomas, of Quakertown, who lived in Rich-
land township, near Fester's tanyard, on the Bethlehem road,
where he was confined in a back room of a brick building-
standing a few years ago, and probably at this time, and, in
i86i, inhabited by Enos P. Nace.

After the capture of John Fries, the military endeavored to
make a prisoner of his son, Daniel, an active youth of i8, who
was somewhat implicated with his father in his operations.
They attempted to capture him at home, but he eluded them
and took to the fields and woods. He was chased by the
light horse into what was then called " Smith's Meadow."
near Swamp Creek. ^ The bogs bore him and he ran across
without hindrance, but the horses were too heavy and broke
through, one of the riders falling off and breaking his arm.
Seeing they could not persue young Fries acros-^ the meadow,
they turned back and he escaped. During the imprisonment
of his father, Daniel went to Philadelphia to be present at the
trial and watch events. The authorities, hearing of him be-

» Swamp Creek rises in Lower Milford township, Lehigh county, a mile from Steins-
burg. Several small streams flow into it within a half mile, and it becomes a consider-
able stream in the neighborhood of Milford Square, where it receives other affluents. It
empties into the Perkiomen half a mile below Sumneytown, Montgomery county.

98 THE FRIES REBELLION.

ing in the city, made efforts to arrest him, but in this they
were frustrated. Information of wliat was going on being
conveyed to his friends, they concealed Daniel in a joiner's
shop, until night, when he quietly left for home and reached
it in safety. He was never apprehended. He lived and died
near Sumneytown, Montgomery county, where I interviewed
him in his /Sth year and received these facts from his own
lips.

The next day after the arrest of Fries, he was taken before
Judge Peters and examined, and what he said was reduced to
writing and signed by him. The following is a copy of what
was produced at his trial and admitted in evidence against
him. The confession is said to have been made voluntarily.
THE EXAMINATION OF JOHN FRIES, APRIL 6, 1 799.

"The examinant, confesses that he was one of the party
which rescued the prisoners from the Marshal at Bethlehem ;
that he was also one of a party that took from the assessors, at
Quakertown, their papers and forewarned them against the
execution of their duty in making the assessments. The
papers were delivered with the consent of the assessors, but
without force ; perhaps under the awe and terror of the num-
bers who demanded them, and were by this examinant de-
livered to the assessors. He confesses that, at the house of
Jacob Fries, a paper was written on the evening preceding the
rescue of the prisoners at Bethlehem, containing an associa-
tion or agreement of the subscribers to march for the purpose
of making that rescue ; but he is not certain whether he wrote
that paper. He knows he did not sign it, but it was signed
by many persons and delivered to the examinant ; he does
not know where the paper is. The examinant confesses, also,
that, some weeks ago, he wrote (before the assessors came into
that township) an agreement which he, with others signed,
purporting that, if an assessment must be made, they would
not agree to have it done by a person who did not reside in the
township, but they would choose their own assessor within
their township. A meeting has been held in the township
since the affair at Bethlehem for the purpose of making such
a choice; examinant went to the place of election, but left it

THE FRIES RERKLLION. (J9

before the election opened. The examinant further ac-
knowledges that his motive in going to Bethlehem to rescue
the prisoners was not from personal attachment or regard to
i any of the persons who had been arrested, but proceeded
from a general aversion to the law, and an intention to im-
pede and prevent its exaction. He thought that the acts for
the assessment and collection of a direct tax did not impose
the quota equally upon the citizens and therefore were wrong. He
cannot say who originally projected the rescue of the prison-
ers, or assembled the people for the purpose. The township
seemed to be all of one mind. A man, unknown to the ex-
aminant, came to Quakertown, and said the people should
meet at Conrad Marks' to go to Millarst'nvn. The examinant
says that, on the march of the people to Bethlehem, he was
asked to take thq lead, and did ride on before the people un-
til they arrived at Bethlehem. The examinant had no arms,
and took no command, except that he desired the people not
to fire until he should give them orders, for he was afraid, as
they were so much enraged, there would be bloodshed. He
begged them, for God's sake, not to fire, unless they had
orders from him, or unless he should be shot down, and then
they might take their own command. That he returned the
papers of the assessors, which had been delivered into his
hands, back to the assessors privately, at which the people
were much enraged, and suspected him (Fries) of having
turned from them, and threatened to shoot him, between the
house of Jacob Fries and Quakertown."

(Signed) "John Fries."

Taken April 6, 1799, before Richard Peters.

As soon as this examination had been taken, Fries and
Eberhart were sent off to Philadelphia under the escort of a
detachment of the city cavalry, where thej^ arrived the same
evening, Saturday, and were lodged in jail to await their
trial for treason. Their arrival and commitment were an-
nounced in the newspapers the next morning, and created
considerable excitement.

I The troops broke camp at Sellers' tavern and marched for
Quakertown, where they encamped, it is supposed, on the 6th.

lOO THE FRIES REBELLION.

They pitched their tents at three different points within the
Hmits of the borough, two campanies being located at Pen-
rose's pottery, belonging to the late Richard Moore. The
same evening a detachment of cavalry was despatched in pur-
suit of persons who were accused of having participated in the
late disturbance. They were absent from camp all night, and
after a hard scout returned the next morning with several
prisoners. It was reported that Clergyman Eyerman was of
the number, but this turned out to be a false rumor. He had
put himself out of harm's way immediately upon his release at
Bethlehem. While the army remained encamped at Quaker-
town the troops were active in the pursuit of the disaffected,
and scouts were sent out in all directions to apprehend them.
On the seventh a detachment was sent into the region known
as the Rocks,'" where some of the insurgents resided, and cap-
tured several of them, whom they brought to camp, and
placed in confinement. The troops remained here until the
8th, when they struck their tents and marched for Millars-
town, Northampton county. The presence of the troops
at Quakertown inspired terror among the inhabitants in all
that region of country, and their conduct caused great distress
and suffering. In their zeal to arrest the guilty their dis- i
pleasure often fell upon the innocent. Armed parties patrol- ]
led the country in all directions, day and night, and it was
only necessary to cast suspicion upon the most upright citi-
zen to secure his arrest. Many persons took advantage of this
state of things to have revenge upon their personal or political j
enemies. The houses of quiet, unoffending people were en- j
tered at the dead hour of night by armed men, and the hus- |
band torn from the arms of his wife and screaming children ;
and their terror was greatly increased by the belief that death
awaited those who should be taken, whether they were in-
nocent or guilty. The scenes of distress which took place
among these poor people, upon such occasions, are described
by the eyewitnesses as heartrendering. In many instances
the troops added insult to injury, by exulting over the
misfortunes of the poor creatures who had fallen into their

1" The " Rocks" probably refer to the rocky section of Milford township.

THE FRIES REBELLION.

lOI

hands. So general was the alarm that many of the inhabitants,
persons of considerable property and respectable standing,
came in and surrendered themselves to the military authori-
ties.

^he ^Fie^ Rebellion.

CHAPTER X.

The ^rmy N/Iarclr\es F'rom Quatiertown to ^ller^"

to-wr\, ar\cl I^etut-r\s to Ph^ilacielpt^ia via

I^eaciin$3.

While the troops were encamped at Quakertown, and en-
gaged in pursuit of those denounced as insurgents, an alarm-
ing system of terror prevailed. This was carried to such ex-
tent that a large majority of both officers and men, belonging
to the expedition, became dissatisfied and disgusted with the
duties they were called upon to perform. An officer thus
writes to a friend in Philadelphia, from camp under date of
April 8, 1799.

" The system of terror here, J am sorry to say, is carried far
beyond what, in my opinion, the public good requires. De-
tachments are out every day, and night apprehending one or
other individuals. I am well informed that from the time the
members from this district in the State Legislature went
among the people and stated to them the impropriety of in-
terfering with the civil power, the magistrates could have ef-
fected everything that government could require in the ap-
prehension of any person in the district. There is scarcely
an officer or private in this expedition who is not satisfied of
this fact. The scenes of distress which I have witnessed
among these poor people, I cannot describe, when we have
entered their houses. Conceive your home entered at the
dead of night by a body of armed men, and yourself dragged
from your wife and screaming children. These poor people

(102)

THE FRIES REBELLION. IO3

are extremely ignorant, but they have feehngs, and they always
consider that death awaits any one who is seized, be he
culpable or not. I am sorry to say there have been any
instances of an inhuman disposition exhibited ; they have not
indeed been many, but vaunting exultation over men, even if
they are guilty, when they are captives is neither a proof of
generosity or courage. Great numbers of the inhabitants are
coming in voluntarily and surrendering themselves; many of
them persons of respectable property, and of good standing
in the neighborhood."

The following is an extract from another letter, written
from the same place while the army was encamped there and
of the same date, which will give the reader some idea of the
unpleasant state of feeling existing in the section of Bucks
county where the disturbance had taken place.

" Some of the townships have been at variance ever since
the commencement of our Revolution ; and they have been
characterized according as they took part for or against
Britain, as Tory or H7//^ townships; they consist for the most
part of Germans. The townships denominated Tory have
always been attached to Mr. Adam's administration; the
others of course had different politics. Much bitterness has
been constantly exhibited on both sides; but an anecdote,
which occurred on this occasion, will, however, give you a
closer view than a general relation. It appears that persons
of both descriptions were opposed to the window tax, or
rather the Tories were opposed to the tax, and the Whigs to
the assessors. The landlord of the house in which we were
quartered had given information against several of his neigh-
bors who lived in a 'Whig' township, and said they should
be hanged together with Fries, but particularly Fries for hold-
ing a captain's commissions in the last war. A person present,
who heard him make this declaration, supposing he meant in
the British service, said it was not so ; the landlord replied
that it was true, and that a reference to the proceedings of
Congress would show it, as well as the name of the Conti-
nental battalion in which he served."

I04 THE FRIES REBELLION.

Among the letters written from Quakertown, while the
troops were encamped there was one giving the name, and
number, and persons who were taken, or had surrendered,
which breathes quite a belligerent spirit toward the un-
fortunates implicated, as the following extract will show :

" We are here now two days, and shall proceed immediately
to Millarstown ; when we reach that place I expect to be per-
mitted to return home. We have been successful since we
set out, and shall have a drove of rascals sufficient to fill a
jail; we have already taken thirty-one of them; against,
which there is sufficient proof to convict of high treason; the
others of misdemeanor. Some of them are frightened almost
to death ; the fear they are in is punishment almost sufficient
for the greatest of the offenders. By to-morrow night we
shall have about fifty more bad fellows; small fry are admitted
to bail. The main guard is pretty well filled.

"Some of the above persons came in and surrendered them-
selves, by way of making peace, which saved the troops the
trouble of going for them, and may save their lives as they
expect by it."

The following are the names given and the offences for which

they were arrested :

TREASON.

John Fries, John Everhard, Jacob Huber, John Huber,
Frederick Heaney, Christopher Socks, Jacob Klein, Sr., John
Klein, Jr.. Daniel Klein, Abraham Braith, Jacob Klein, John
Getman, George Getman, William Getman and Daniel Weidner,

MISDEMEANOR.

Aaron Samsel, Peter Hamberg, Abraliam Strong, Peter
Heidrick, Jacob Huber, Henry Huber, Michael Breich, Abra-
ham Heidrick, Henry Mumbower, George Mumbower, Peter
Gable, Jacob Gable and Daniel Gable.

HELD AS WITNESSES.

George Mitchell and William Thomas.

These sum up fifteen held for treason ; fourteen for mis-
demeanor, and two at witnesses, thirty-one in all. There is

THE FRIES REBELLION. I05

hardly a name in the list that cannot be found amon<^ the
residents of the German districts, of Bucks to-day, and are
among the most prosperous, intelligent and respectable citizens.

While this volume was in preparation," we received a letter
from Mr. James C. Iden, an intelligent and highly respectable
citizen of Buckingham township, Bucks county, detailing
some interesting incidents connected with the Fries Rebellion,
from which we imkc the following extracts. He writes:

" I remember of hearing my mother say, that on the after-
noon on which the insurgents marched to Ouakertown,
and took the assessors, Foulke and Rodrock, prisoners,
her father, James Cliapman, managing to elude them, arrived
unmolested at his home, one mile west of Quakertown, (I
think on the farm now occupied by P. Moyer) on the road to
Milford Square. But apprehending an attack from Captain
Fries and his party, he sent his family to pass the night at one
of his neighbors, and then proceeded to barricade the doors
and windows of his dwelling, having armed himself with guns,
pistols, axes, etc., to repel an attack, should one be made. It
proved, however, to be a needless precaution, as no attack was
attempted.

" One day, while the military were encamped within the
disaffected districts, a company of troops was detailed to make
some arrests. The persons, after whom they were sent, having
got wind of their approach concluded to leave for parts un-
known. Being closely pursued they took refuge under an
arched bridge, and the troops rode over and passed them.
Waiting a little while they ventured out again and made good
their escape. The troops soon finding themselves at fault,
and, suspecting how the matter stood, returned to the bridge
and searched under it, but were too late as the quarry had
flown. They returned to camp quite mortified at their ad-
venture, and declaring it was the last time they would ride
; over a bridge without examining it thoroughly.

' " On another occasion a party was sent out to reconnoitre,
but, finding nothing that required their attention, they con-

* 1859-60.

I06 THE FRIKS REBELLION.

eluded to have some sport by shooting at a mark, taking a
farmer's wheelbarrow for their target. Being within hearing
distance of the camp, the report of their guns produced a
great commotion therein, it being supposed they had met
with resistance, and probably would send for reinforcements.
After waiting on the tiptoe of e.Kpect ition for some time their
trepidation was allayed by the return of the party to quarters,
without, however, their having had the honor of receiving any
wounds in their country's defense, or bearing with them any
of the trophies of war. They and their commander, how-
ever, when the cause of the firing was inquired into were fated
to have their feelings wounded by a severe reprimand from
his superior officer for such a flagrant breach of the rules of
military discipline, accompanied by a peremtory order to lay
siege to no more wheelbarrows during the campaign.

" Many of the insurgents were arrested and examined as to
the e.Ktent of their participation. One person, (a German) on
being questioned as to whether he had carried arms, replied
that he had carried an old mustick (musket,) but she was ' goot
fer nossing, she would not ,^<3 /ooscJ He was asked, ' if so, why
did you carry it'? His reply was, ' O, I dunnow — I dought
mebby I might schkeer some potty.'"

In the same letter Mr. Iden furnishes us the following sketch |
of J imes Chapman, one of the assessors, which we insert at
this point for want of a more appropriate place:

I
"James Chapman, my grandfather, I may say, was born in

Springfield township, in October, 1743; that he learned the

trade of a cabinet maker, but quit it about the time of his '

marriage, and commenced farming, surveying and conveyanc- jj

ing, which he followed until age prevented, residing most of "

the time in the vicinity of Quakertown. After the close of

the Revolution he was employed by Judge Wilson, of Penna.,

Governor Hooper, of N. J., and others, to survey and locate

lands for them in what are now Carbon, Monroe, Pike, and

Wayne counties. He suryeved and located the State road

from AUentown through Mauch Chunk, Wilkesbarre and

THE FRIES REBELLION. IO7

Towancla to the State line, (a profile of which I have) also the
North and South road leadi^^" from the Wind Gap to the
State line.

'• In locating some lands for himself he entered a tract on the
south side of Nesquehonino V^alley — the tract lying immedi-
ately south of it being the one on which the Lehigh coal
mines were afterwards discovered ; he giving the preference to
the former on account of the ciuality of the timber, thereby
missing, as it were, by a hair's breadth the accpiisition of
almost boundless wealth. He held the appointment of county
surveyor for many years, also the office of director of the
poor at the time the almshouse was built in 1808. Some per-
sons urged the directors to build it one story higher, which he
opposed, saying that ' the taxpa}-ers of Bucks count)- would
conclude that it was high enough by the time it wixs paid for.'
He was one of the county commissioners in 18 12, when the
court house was erected in Do)desto\vn. When his term ex-
pired he was appointed clerk to the board of commissioners,
which he held until a few months before his death, which oc-
curred near Mechanics\'ille, in Buckingham township, 1821,
aged nearly 78.

" Being noted for his personal appearance, his weight being
270 pounds, and also for his great sociability and fund of
anecdote and read}- repartee, in connection with the length of
his public life, there were comparatively few residents of the
county at that day to whom he was not known ; persons of all
ages and conditions addressing him by the familiar title of
' Uncle Jimmy Chapman.' The generation to which he be-
longed, have now nearly all passed away ; the venerable Na-
thaniel Shewell,' of Doylestown township, being the only sur-
vivor of his friends and associates, who now remains with us
at the advanced age of nearly 100 years. ""''^

1 Nathaniel Shewell, a leading character of his generation in Bucks county, a descend-
ant of Walter Shewell, who came from Gloucestershire, England, 1732, and settled in
what is now Doylestown township. He built a handsome dwelling on a tract he pur-
chased and called it " Painswick Hall," after his birth place. Betsy Shewell, the wife of
Benjamin West, was a member of the family. Mr. Shewell was elected sheriff of the
county, 1800, serving a full term of three years, and was appointed county treasurer,
1820. Mr. Shewell died at the close of i860, his will being proved January 2, 1861.

* About 1859-60.

Io8 THE FRIES REBELLION.

The army remained in camp at Quakertovvn until April 8,
when the march was resumed toward Bethlehem, Northamp-
ton county, in which region of country there were many in-
surgents whose arrest was desired. On that day they march-
ed but ten miles, when they agairr halted, and encamped, as
some arrests were to be made in that neighborhood. It was
a great relief to the inhabitants of Quakertown and the sur-
rounding country when the army left that place, and many a
prayer that they might never return was offered up. The ab-
sence of the soldiers and harassing scouts soon restored the
usual quiet in that section of the country, although the in-
terest in the campaign was still kept up. Of the prisoners
named, 19 were sent to Philadelphia, under an escort of
cavalry commanded by Lieutenant Melbecke, where they ar-
rived on Thursday, the i8th inst., and were turned over to the
civil authorities. Conrad Marks, who will be rembered as an
active participant in Bucks county, surrendered himself on
the 17th to the deputy marshal. A writ had been issued for
his arrest, and several parties of cavalry were sent in pur-
suit of him, but he eluded them all, and, at last , thought
proper to give himself up. He ofTere'd bail but it was refused,
and he was sent to the city and thrown into prison.

The army now proceeded to Millarstown, Lehigh county,
where they again encamped, reaching this place probably on
the loth. We have no means of knowing how long they re-
mained there, but probably did not leave before about the
16th. While encamped here they were joined by two more
troops of horse, and a column of infantry. A grand review
and inspection was held, and the troops are said to have pre-
sented a very handsome appearance. From this point parties
of cavalry were sent out in pursuit of the insurgents, and some
arrests were made, but neither the number nor names is given.
It is related that one of the captured was brought before a
well known magistrate and was an.xious to know the fate that
awaited him, to which the ofificial replied with becoming dig-
nity, " in a fortnight the Circuit Court will meet, when you
will be tried, and, in a fortnight after, will be in hell, sir."
This circumstance is mentioned to show the bitterness of the

THE FRIES REBELLION. IO9

times, more than for any otlier purpose. Many excesses were
also committed while the troops lay at Millarstown, and the
same system of terror was maint.iined. An officer writing
from camp under date of April 1 1, says :

" With respect to military operations, they still continue;
and the number of ])ersons confined in heavy irons increases.
1 before mentioned to )'ou that some old men have suffered
from their fetters. Several of them, who have been thus ac-
coutred, marched through the county under a heavy guard.
Rail to any amount has been offered for their appearance to
take their trial, but this would not suit the system of terror,
nor would it act as a warning to those who may be disposed
to vote as they think best at the ne.xt election. All the ef-
forts that have been made, however, will not i)roduce resist-
ance, and when I tell you that a number of the troops who
derive their authority from the Federal government, live at
free quarters on tne people, you will not question their
patience."

Another ofificer writing from the same place, under date of
April 10, thus speaks ot the expedition, and tlie unhajipy
situation of things while the army remained in the countr)':

" We are now quartered in a Whig town where the people
have always been true Republicans. It appears now to be
converted into an actual war between Whig and Tory. The
people of Ouakertown I find have always been opposed to
those who advocate arbitrar}' measures, and the funding sys-
tem and standing arm)'. This place, however, appears to have
been one of the places where the greatest opposition has been
made to the assessors, who, being many of them engaged in
hostility against the revolution must, of necessity, have ex-
cited disgust and abhorrence in the breast of those who had
fought, or whose fathers had bled, in fighting against the
British. The inhabitants are principally Germans. Nearly
all the male inhabitants, on the approach of our army, fled
from their homes, and their wives and children exhibit a very
unhappy scene of distress. Had I conceived that some things,
which I have witnessed here could have taken place, I should

no THE FRIES REBELLION.

never have given my assent to march a mile on the expedi-
tion.

" One effect produced by the distress is that every individual,
whom I meet, is disgusted, and a sentiment generally pre-
vails, which, contrary to expectation, will, I apprehend, com-
pletely destroy the federal influence at the next election. Had
the Governor seconded Messrs. Hartzell, and the Senator
from this district, by ordering a single troop of volunteer
horse that is here under drums, I am persuaded that this
business, of which so much has been made, would have termi-
nated within the 24 hours that it took place ; and that no
other weapons than reasoning would have been found neces-
sary. Great numbers of the people have surrendered ; there
are about seven detained in irons and I am grieved to see
among them some old men, whose wrists are raw to the bone
with the hand-cuffs. I would wish to see more humanity
among my countrymen, but, unhappily we copy too much the
cruel and unfeeling practices of the English.

" A liberty pole had been erected in this place, which was
cut down by force on the approach of the army. The inn-
keeper, near whose house it stood, was arrested when we came
up, although he had been previously at Philadelphia and
given bail ; but, when a volunteer army proceeds thus what
would the people have to fear from mercenaries, who have no
interest at stake, no principle but obedience to arbitrary
orders."

A third letter written from the same point, says :

" There are several of these poor creatures who are im-
plicated by information, stirred up in the neighborhood, from
the embers of old quarrels and animosities, whose distress is
very great. Numbers of them, I am informed, are willing to
give themselves up, relying on their innocence, provided they
were sure of being admitted to bail ; but it is generally under-
stood they will not. Pray, is there no magistrate in the city
who has authority to receive bail? Is there no one who feels a
sentiment that justice is incompatible with cruelty, and that
the mildness of our laws does not authorize the infliction of

THE FRIES REBELLION. Ill

severe punishment before trial and execution ? I can scarcely
persuade myself that I tread on the soil of Pennsylvania when
I witness the sufferings of these poor, well-meaning, but
ignorant, Germans. They are treated in no respect like citi-
zens of the same country."

The army marched from Millarstown to Allentown, the
present county seat of Lehigh, by way of Bethlehem," but we
cannot fix the exact date of leaving Millarstown. It was after
April 15, for the troops were there then. They remained at
Allentown only a few days, and, while there, do not appear to
have been as active in making arrests and committing excesses
as at other points. While the -army lay here an amusing oc-
currence took place which is thus related by one who belong-
ed to the expedition :

" One night a sentinel, stationed near a wagon, reported
that he heard some person about to make an attack upon it.
The alarm was given, the drums beat to arms, and the whole
command turned out. The arms were loaded with ball cart-
ridge, and a member of Congress was sent out to reconnoitre,
who, upon his return, reported that the enemy (insurgents)
were in rear of the baggage in great force. The troops march-
ed to the point, and a platoon was ordered to fire, when a
heavy groan was heard, and a body fell to the earth. Some
of the boldest ventured forward, and behold they had shot a
bull which was making free with the forage that hung out of
the tail of one of the wagons. The animal was paid for. This
is believed to be the only thing the army killed on the ex-
pedition."

From Allentown the troops marched to Reading, in Berks
county, by the way of Greenmeyer and Karackerstown, where
they arrived on Saturday, April 20, at one o'clock. Writs had
been issued for the arrest of sixteen persons in Greenmeyer
township, but fourteen of them came in and surrendered

2 Jacob Rice, of Bethlehem, in a note to the author, on the march of the army from
Millarstown says : "The troops marched from Millarstown to Allentown, which lies
northeast from the first named place, about 8 miles. Bethlehem lies due east from Al-
lentown, distance 6 miles, consequently their route was not by way of Bethlehem. The
troops, with the exception of a few horse, never came to Bethlehem."

112 THE FRIES REBELLION.

themselves, nnd the troops were sent in pursuit of tlie other
two, but tlie\' could not be found. The arni)- made no stay at
this place, but ;dmost immediateh' resumed the march for
Philadelpliia, where a portion of the cavalr\' arrived on the
22d, and the remainder, with Gener.d Macpherson, the ne.xt
day. The regulars did not return to the seat of government
at the same time as the volunteer corps, but remained en-
camped there for a while.

While the ami}' was in Reading, the members of one of the
troops of \-olunteer ca\-<dry committed a gross outrage upon
the person of one of the most respectable citizens of the
town, without the least cause or jjrovocation, which created
great indignati<m in the community. This consisted in forci-
bly taking Jacob Schneider, the editor of the Reading Adlcr''
to the market house, and publicly whipping him, b}' the order
of their captain. The following is Mr. Schneider's own ac-
count of the affair, taken from the Adlcr of April 22, 1799.

" On Saturday afternoon last, the troops, who were sent to
seize upon some people in Northampton, called ' insurgents,'
on their return from that expedition, arrived in this town, and
last night and this morning they all, except the regulars,
marched for their respective homes.

" It is an old proverb, but certainly a true one, that in every
fold, be it great or small, there can be found rotten sheep, so
it happened here. This army was small, yet it was not with-
out its rotten members, and some extremely so. But among
the whole there were none that exceedeci Captain Mont-
gomery's troop, of Lancaster Light Horse, not because, as

3 The Reading Adler is the oldest German newspaper published in the United States,
having been established November 6, 1796, by Jacob Schneider and George Gerrish. The
second number was issued January 10, 1797, and each successive number of the paper
has been i.ssued every week to the present time, without a single omission, covering a
period of a hundred years. In 1S02, John Ritter, nephew of the senior member of the
firm and a practical printer, was substituted for Mr. Gerrish. From 1843 to 1847, ^^'^•
Ritter represented the county in Congress, and died in 1851, aged 73. The Ritter family
had a continuous interest in the paper from 1802 to 1857, a period of fifty-five years.
Other changes have taken place in the proprietorship, the last in 1874, when it fell to the
possession of William S. Ritter. The Adler is a paper of great influence among the
Germans, and a political power in the county. The Reading Eagle, a daily published
by Jesse G. Hawley, may be called a child of the Adler.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 1 13

they boasted themselves, it was their trade to catch rebels
and abuse them — but because they carried their trade so far
as to enter the houses and abuse peaceable and inoffending
citizens, in a manner the most scandalous and cowardly.

" As for example a part of them came to my printing office
on Saturday last, not as men of character desirous of support-
ing the law and the security of the peaceable citizens, but like
a banditti of robbers and assassins. They tore the clothes
from my body, and forcibly dragged me from my house be-
fore their captain, who certainly proved himself worthy the
command of his corps. He ordered his troops to take me to
the public market house and give me twenty-five lashes on
the bare back, and they proceeded to obey his orders ac-
cordingly, and certainlv would have fulfilled them exactly had
not some of Captain Leiper's troop, of Philadelphia, interfer-
ed, reproached them for their illegal and tyrannical conduct,
in consequence of which only a part of the sentence of Cap-
tain Montgomery (six lashes) was inflicted."

Complaint of this outrage was made to General Macpher-
son by Colonel Heister' and Colonel Frailly, but he did noth-
ing, and no redress could be had. Mr. Schneider was anti-
P^ederalist.

The prisoners in custody were confined in the common jail
of the city of Philadelphia, until their trial. It is said their
confinement was made unusuall}^ severe, and that an order
was issued that none of their families, or friends, should be
permitted to visit or hokl intercourse with them, which was
carried into effect.

The expedition, so far as its object, was to arrest those
who had disturbed the public peace in the counties of Hucks
and Northampton, had been entirely successful, and the lead-
ers of the so-called insurrection were in the hands of the
Federal authorities. The next step in the drama, or farce,
for we hardly know which to call it, was the trial, condemna-
tion and execution of the prisoners ; and the preliminaries to

< The Heisters are an old and influential family of Berks and Lancaster counties, and
have furnished one Governor to the State, Joseph Hcister, elected in 1814.

114

THE FRIES REBELLION.

this finale were urged with as much haste as common decency
would permit. For an account of the proceedings attendant
on the trial we refer our readers to the next chapter, where it
will be as fully recounted as time and space will permit.

^he fpiel Rebellion.

CHAPTER XI.

Trial of JohrL Furies.

The trial of John Fries was the most extraordinary judicial
proceeding our country ever witnessed. The political ran-
cour, which had raged with such fierceness during the
closing scenes of the administration of Mr. John Adams,
was carried upon the bench and into the jury box,
and aided, no doubt, to determine the law and the
facts of this case. The Judge evinced an apparent dis-
position to carry out the high handed measures which had
been begun, and whether intentional or not, leaned with a
strong bias against the accused.

The Circuit Court of the United States, before which Fries
and the other prisoners were to be tried, commenced its ses-
session at Philadelphia, on April ii, 1799, the Hon. James
Iredell,' one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of
the United States, being upon the bench. The case was at-
tracting such wide-spread interest, the court room was filled
with an excited and deeply interested multitude, as soon as
the doors were thrown open. After the court was duly
opened for business, Judge Iredell delivered his charge to the

1 James Iredell was of Irish ancestry, born in Lewes, county of Sussex, England, Oc-
tober 5, 1751. His father was a merchant in Bristol. Iredell settled at Edenton, N. C,
1768 ; studied law and was admitted to the bar, 1770. He was appointed to the Supreme
Court of the State, 1777, and Attorney General, 1779. In 1790 Washington appointed
him one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, and he held that of
fice to his death, 1799. He exerted a strong influence in favor of the Revolution,
although he did not take an active part at the beginning of the controversey — v/hile at the
bar he aided much in giving tone and order to the judicial system of the State.

UI5)

Il6 THE FRIES REBELLION.

grand jury, a production which was characterized by great
partisan bitterness. He reviewed, at considerable length, the
Alien and Sedition Laws, argued their constitutionality,
and said they were called for by the spirit of the times. He
next passed to the case of Fries, which he noticed with con-
siderable particularity. He contended, in advance of the
trial, and in the absence of testimony to sustain his opinion,
that the crime with which he stood charged was Treason ;
which, he said, consisted in opposing, by force of arms, the
execution of any acts of Congress. The case was given to the
grand jury, which retired to their room, where they made
such examination of it as was necessary to satisfy their minds
of the nature of the offence. When they returned into court
they presented a true bill as against John Fries, who now
stood indicted for Treason, the highest crime known to our
law. The following is a copy of the indictment under which
he was to be tried, viz:

Indictment in the Circuit Court of the United States of Ameri-
ca, in and for the Pennsylvania District of the Middle
Circuit :
" The Grand Inquest of the United States of America, for
the PennsyK^ania District, upon their respective oaths and af-
firmations, do present that John Fries, late of the county of
Bucks, in the district of Pennsylvania, he being an inhabitant
of, and residing in the said United States, to wit, in the dis-
trict aforesaid, and under the protection of the laws of the
said United States, and owing allegiance and fidelity to the
same United States, not having the fear of God before his
eyes, nor weighing the duty of his said allegiance and fidelity,
but being moved and seduced by the instigation of the Devil,
wickedly devising and intending the peace and tranquility of
the said United States to disturb, on March 7, in the year of
our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine, at
Bethlehem, in the county of Northampton, in the district
aforesaid, unlawfully, maliciously and traitcrc iisl}- did com-
pass, imagine and intend to raise and levy war, insurrection
and rebellion against the said United States; and to fulfil and
bring into effect the said traitorous compassings, imagina-

THE FRIES REBELLION. II7

tions and intentions of him the said John Fries, he the said
John Fries, afterwards, that is to say, on March seventh, in
the said year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and
ninety-nine, at the said county of Northampton, in the dis-
trict aforesaid, with a great multitude of persons, whose names
at present are unknown to the Grand Inquest aforesaid, to a
great number, to wit, to the number of one hundred persons
and upwards, armed and arrayed in a warlike manner, that is
to say, with guns, swords, clubs, stones, and other warlike
weapons, as well offensive as defensive, being then and there
unlawfully, maliciously and traitorously assembled and gather-
ed together, did falsely and traitorously assemble, and join
themselves together against the said United States, and, then
and there, with force and arms, did falsely and traitorously,
and in a warlike manner, array and dispose them against the
said United States, and then and there, with force and arms,
in pursuance of such their traitorous intentions and purposes
aforesaid, he, the said John Fries, with the said persons so as
aforesaid traitorously assembled, and armed and arrayed in the
manner aforesaid, most wickedly, maliciously and traitorously
did ordain, prepare and levy public war against the said
United States, contrary to the duty of his said allegiance and
fidelity, against the Constitution, peace and dignity of the
said United States, and also against the force of the Act of
the Congress of the said United States, in such case made and
provided. (Signed) '• W'lLLlAM Rawle,"'

"Attorney of the U. S. for the Pennsylvania District."

The case was not immediately taken up, but other business
on the docket occupied the time of the Court until April 30,
when it was called up in order. Fries had employed eminent
counsel to defend him, viz: Hon. Alex. J. Dallas,' father of

- William Rawle, born in Philadelphia, April 28, 1759, completed his law studies at
the Middle Temple, London, and returning to Philadelphia, 1783, was admitted to the
bar. In 1791 he was appointed U. S. District Attorney for Pennsylvania by Washing-
ton. He was one of the original members of the Franklin Institute and Historical So-
ciety of Pennsylvania, Chancellor of the Law Association ; a fine classical scholar, a
deeply read and learned jurist and writer of ability. He died April 12, 1836.

3 Alexander J. Dallas was born in the Island of Jamaica, June 21, 1759; was educated
in London, and studied law at the Temple ; arrived in Philadelphia with his wife,
June 17, 1783, was admitted and began the practice of the law. He rose rapidly in his

Il8 THE FRIES REBELLION.

Vice President Dallas, and Messrs. Ewing and Lewis/ The
United States were represented by Messrs. Rawle and Sit-
greaves, the latter being a resident of Easton, in Northamp-
ton county, and at that time the United States Attorney for
the Pennsylvania district. As soon as the case was called up,
Mr. Lewis preferred the following motion, in writing, viz :

" And now the prisoner, John Fries, being placed at the
bar of this Court, at the city of Philadelphia, being the place
appointed by law for holding the stated sessions thereof, and
it being demanded of him if he is ready for his trial for the
treason in the indictment mentioned, he moves, orctcniis, that
his trial for the same offence may not be proceeded on here,
and that the same may be had in the count}- in which tht-
same acts of treason in the said indictment mentioned are
laid, and wh^re the offence therein mentioned is alleged to
have been committed."

This motion was argued at length by Messrs. Dallas, Lewis
and Ewing. The application was founded on the judiciary
act, passed September 24, 1789, the 29th section of which
provides, " That in cases punishable with death, the trial shall
be had in the county where the offence was committed ; or
where that cannot be done without great inconvenience,
twelve petit jurors at least shall be summoned from thence."
Messrs. Sitgreaves and Rawle replied on the part of the
United States; when the Court overruled the motion, both
judges delivering opinions upon the points raised. One of
the reasons given by Judge Iredell why the prisoner should
not be tried in the county where the offence was committed
was, that the inhabitants were in such a state (^f insurrection,
that a fair trial could not be had. All motions being now dis-
posed of, the next thing in order was to fix a time for the
trial, which was set down for the first day of May.

profession, and, in 1801, was appointed District Attorney of the United States by Presi-
dent Jefferson. In October, 1814, he accepted the portfolio of the Treasury in the Cab-
nent of President Maddison. He died at Trenton, N. J., January 14, 1S17.

* William Lewis was born on a farm in Chester county, 1751, and ccmn-.enced the
study of the law without previous educatian to fit him for it. His preceptor was Nicholas
Wain, and became his partner after admission. He has been accorded the highest place
among his contemporaries, in spite of his roughness of speech. He diafied the famous
Act of 1780, abolishing slavery. He died at Philadelphia in his 70th year.

THE frip:s rebellion. 119

The prisoner beincj brought in and placed at the bar of the
Court on that day, was duly arraigned ; when the indictment
was read to him, to which he pleaded " Not Guilty," and
placed himself upon his country for trial. A jury was then
called and empanelled, which consisted of the following per-
sons : William Jolly, Philadelphia; Samuel Mitchell, and
Richard Leedom,' Bucks county; Anthony Cuthbert, Alex-
ander Fullerton, John Singer, Philadelphia; William Ramsey,'
Bucks ; Samuel Richards, Philadelphia ; Gerardus Wynkoop,'
Bucks; Jos. Thornton, Philadelphia ; Philip Walter, North-
ampton ; John Rhoad, Northampton.

A question arose as to the last two jurymen being qualified,
as they were Germans, and did not understand English, but it
was agreed that any dfificulty of that nature could be explain-
ed to them. Sev^eral of the witnesses being also Germans,
and not able to speak English, a Mr. Erdman was, on that ac-
count, sworn as interpreter.

Mr. Sitgreaves opened the case on the part of the United
States. He said, " Treason is defined in the Constitution of
the United States, section in., art. in.," in the words fol-
lowing: " Treason against the United States shall consist only
in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies,
giving them aid and comfort." He charged that Fries was
guilty of treason in levying war. He then proceeded to elabo-
rate upon the phreesology or description as adopted in our

5 Richard Leedom settled at the " Black Bear," now Richboroug^h, Northampton
township, Bucks county, over a century and a half ago, where he hept store many
years. His stone dwelling is still standing. He became a prominent man. In his day
the place was called " Leedoms," and is situated on the Middle road, 19 miles from
Philadelphia.

s The Ramseys, of Warwick, Bucks county, are descended from William, a staunch
Scotch-Irish Presbyterian, who was born in Ireland, 1698, and came to .-Xmerica, 1741.
He had several children, among whom was a William, probably the person mentioned
in the text — Robert Ramsey four years in Congress from Bucks county, was a member of
this family.

' The Wynkoops, a prominent family in Bucks county a century ago, are descended
from Cornelius C. Wynkoop, an immigrant from Holland to New York before 170c.
They came into Bucks prior to 1750. Gerardus Wynkoop was the son of Gerrit, and an
officer of the Revolution. He was a member of the .\ssembly for nineteen years, and
long its Speaker. He died about 1812. Henry Wynkoop was a member of Congress,
1789, and on intimate terms with Washington.

120 THE FRIES REBELLION.

Constitution, which is borrowed from the statute of Great
Britain, passed in the reign of Edward the III., and which had
never been changed. He then passed to an exposition of the
full meaning of the word treason, as understood under our
Constitution, and pointed out what is necessary to constitute
the crime ; and that, according to the definition of Lord Hale,
it must consist both in levying war, and in levying war against
the government of the United States — that if the people as-
sembled in this hostile manner only to gratify a spirit of re-
venge, or for any other purpose independent of war against
the United States, it would only amount to a riot. He re-
viewed, at considerable length, the leading operations of Fries
and his friends, pointing out their combination and con-
spiracy to resist the federal authorities, and their actual resist-
ance, with arms in their hands, at Bethlehem. He now called
witnesses to prove the facts stated in his opening. Among
those subpoenaed and called upon the stand were, William
Henry, William Barnett, John Barnett, Christian Winters,
Christian Roths, Colonel Nichols, Philip Sclaugh, Joseph
Horsefield, J(^hn Mohollon, Jacob Eyerley, Samuel Toon,
George Mitchell, Wm. Thomas, James Chapman, John Rod-
rock, Cephas Childs and others. In the main their testimony
sustained the facts alleged by Mr. Sitgreaves, and most if not
all the overt acts set forth in the indictment were sub-
stantially proved.

Among the witnesses called was Judge Peters, then upon
the bench, who was examined more particularly as to the
circumstances under which he issued warrants in Northamp-
ton county, and in relation to other facts within his knowl-
edge previous to the examination of John Fries, on April 6.
At this stage of the trial the confession of Fries was read, the
same which was taken before Judge Peters, immediately upon
his capture, and which was printed in a previous chapter.

The prosecution having now rested their case, Mr. Dallas
remarked to the Court, that, though they wished to give as
little trouble on the part of the defendant as possible, they
desired to call two or three witnesses to prove that the indis-
position which was manifested to permit the assessments to be

THE FRIES REBELLION. 121

made was owing to the uncertainty these people were in of
the real existence of the law; that the prisoner himself was
under the idea that it was no law ; and that they had no in-
tention of opposing Congress by force of arms, but that they
wished for time, in order to ascertain its real existence, and, if
the law were actually in force, they wished, agreeably to their
former custom, to appoint assessors from their own respec-
tive townships ; that it could be shown that Fries was perfect-
ly quiescent after the proclamation, and that some of the wit-
nesses were mistaken as to some of the facts which they had
sworn to. Mr. Dallas alluded to the fact, that since the jury
had been impanneled, a newspaper in the city had attempted
to intimidate the counsel and jury, to warp the sentiments of
the latter, and to deprive the prisoner of the benefit of the
best talent the bar could afford. He proceeded to an exami-
nation of the law of treason, and argued that none of the acts
complained of amounted to the crime charged.

After Mr. Rawle had argued the constitutional definition of
treason to the Court, in support of the positions taken by his
colleague, Mr. Sitgreaves, Mr. Dallas opened the case for the
defendant in an able and eloquent speech. He reviewed the
whole ground, all the testimony of the witnesses produced by
the United States, and denied that from the facts proved there
was anything like the levying of war against the United States.
He argued that treason could not be made out of the act al-
leged, and that at most it was but a conspiracy to resist the
execution of an unpopular law. He explained the disadvan-
tages under which the prisoner appeared before the Court,
and spoke of the popular resentment that had been engender-
ed against him ; and he called upon the jurors to drive from
their minds everything like bias, and to give the prisoner the
advantage of every reasonable doubt they might entertain of
his guilt. Having concluded, he called three witnesses, John
Jamison, Israel Roberts and Everhard Folke, to prove the
facts he had alleged.

122 THE FRIES REBELLION.

The te>^tiimny on both sides being closed, Mr. Ewing
opened the case to the jury for the defendant, and was follow-
ed by Mr. Sitgreaves and Mr. Rawle, for the United States.
The jury was then charged by both Judges at considerable
length, who reviewed all the facts of the case, and the law
bearing upon it, showing a strong bias against the prisoner.
The case was then given to the jury which retired to their
room, and after an absence of about three hours came in with
a verdict of Guilty. The trial had occupied the undivided at-
tention of the Court from the first to the ninth of May, and
during all this period the public mind was in the greatest pos-
sible state of e.Kcitement, and the attendance upon the trial
large. The jury did not separate the whole time. When the
verdict was announced, it was received with satisfaction or
disapprobation, according to the political bias of the persons
present ; for, strange as it may seem, politics was mixed up
with the whole of the affair.

The Court met on the 14th of May to pronounce sentence
upon the prisoner. As s>>oii as Court was opened, Mr. Lewis,
one of the counsel for Fries, asked for a rule to show cause
why a new trial should not be granted, which caused judg-
ment to be suspended, and the prisoner was remanded back to
prison. The ground upon which this motion was based, was
that John Rhoads, one of the jurymen on the trial, had de-
clared a prejudice against the prisoner after he was summoned
as a juror on the trial. He read depositions to substantiate
the facts stated. Mr. Lewis was sustained in the application
by Mr. Dallas, who advanced additional reasons for a new
trial. The motion was argued at considerable length by
counsel, and the two judges delivered separate opinions. The
Court was divided in opinion, Judge Iredell being in favor of,
and Judge Chase" opposed to, a new trial; but the latter

* Samuel Chase, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Md., April
17, 1741, and died June 19, 1811. He became an eloquent advocate and learned lawyer.
He rendered valuable services during the Revolution; was Chief Justice of Md., mem-
ber of the Maryland Convention for considering the Federal Constitution, and, in 1796,
Washington appointed him Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

THE FRIES REBELLION. 1 23

finally yielded to the former upon the ground that a division
in the Court might lessen the weight of the judgment if finally
pronounced, and a new trial was accordingly granted. Before
the second trial came off the yellow fever broke out in Phila-
delphia, which caused a removal of the prisoners to Mont-
gomery county for greater protection against the malignant
disease and where they remained until the fever had abated,
when they were returned to Philadelphia.'" The late Hon.
James M. Porter," of Easton, wrote us the following interest-
ing recollections of his residence at Norristown, at that period,
which we publish in full:

" I was very young at the time of those transactions, but I
still have a recollection that they transpired When the yel-
low fever prevailed in Philadelphia, 1 think in 1799, Isaiah
Wells, Esq., was sheriff of Montgomerj' (perhaps jailor at that,)
and the prisoners were removed from Philadelphia to Norris-
town. Mr. Wells was very kind and allowed the prisoners
great liberties, in going out and returning to the jail. Several
of them, if not all, were farmers and accustomed to work on
their own properties at home; he allowed them to get work
and be paid for it, in order to get pocket money, and have
exercise ; but required them always to be in the jail at night.
One, whose name was Moyer, worked one day for my father,
who lived about one mile from the jail. I remember the fact
of his working there very distinctly — splitting wood. We had
nothing but iron wedges, and this Mr. Moyer was the first
person I ever saw use wooden wedges or gluts in splitting the

In 1804 he was impeached for misdemeanor in the conduct of several political trials, in-
cluding that of John F"ries, but was acquitted, and resumed his place on the Bench,
which he retained until his death.

* A session of the Court was held at Norristown, commencing October 11, 1799, ow-
ing to the yellow fever prevailing in Philadelphia, and the case of John Fries was called
but not tried at that time. His second trial was afterward had in Philadelphia when the
fever had abated.

■' James Madison Porter, was born at Selma, Pa., in January of 1793. He served in
the Second War with England ; studied law, was admitted to tlie Par at Easton, 1813
where he became a resident. He took at* active part as member of the Constitutional
Convention f Pennsylvania, 1838 ; was appointed Secretary of War, 1843, but rejected
by the Senate. He was a founder of Lafayette College, Easton, 1826, and President of
its Board of Trustees. He died November n, 1862.

124 THE FRIES REBELLION.

wood. In the evening he complained of not being very well,
and our family wished him to remain all night. This he de-
clined, saying that Mr. Wells was very good to them, but he
had desired them to be there every night, and he would be as
good as his word. The next day he got worse with the jail
fever and died with it at Norristown."

The second trial of John Fries was had in the Circuit Court
of the United States, at Philadelphia, which commenced on
April 29, 1800. Judge Chase presiding, assisted by Judge
Peters, of the District Court. The former indictment had
been withdrawn, by the District Attorney, and a new one
drawn in its stead, upon which Fries was arraigned and, as be-
fore, plead, " Not Guilty." Mr. Dallas and Mr. Lewis, who
were engaged on the first trial as counsel for the prisoner,
were retained to defend him also upon the second ; but they
withdrew from the case at the commencement, because of the
extraordinary course of the Judges in laying down their
opinions as to the law before hearing counsel, thus prejudic-
ing the case. They alleged that this preceeding was not only
illegal but wholly unprecedented, and they therefore declined
to have anything more to do with the case. This conduct of
Judge Chase afterward became the subject of the first of the
articles of his impeachment, on which he was tried before the
United States Senate, in February, 1805. Their withdrawal
left Fries without legal assistance. The Court asked him if he
wished to have counsel assigned him, but, as he did not ex-
press any desire for it, the trial went on in the absence of it.
Mr. Rawle and Mr. Ingersol conducted the prosecution.

Of the jurors called, thirty-four were challenged without
cause, and the following were admitted and sworn, viz :
Samuel Wheeler, foreman ; Henry Pepper, John Taggart,
Cornelius Comegys, Ephraim Clark, Thomas Baily, Lawrence
Cauffman, John Edge, Charles Deshler, Henry Dubois, Isaac
Dehaven, and John Balliott. Before the jurors were sworn,
they were individually asked, upon oath, " Are you any way
related to the prisoner," to which they all answered "No."

THE FRIES REBELLION. I25

" Have you ever formed or delivered an o[)inion as to the
guilt or innocence of the prisoner, or that he ought to be
punished ;" to which they generally answered not to their
knowledge. Some of them admitted that they had spoken in
disapprobation of the transaction, but not as to the prisoner
particularly. Mr. Taggart, after he was sworn, remarked to
the Court that he felt uneasy under his oath, inasmuch as he
had often spoken of the prisoner as very culpable, but that he
had never made up his mind to hang him ; that when he took
the oath he did not conceive it to be so strict,' and therefore
he vvished to be excused. The Court informed him that as he
was now sworn, it was impossible to excuse liim, and he ac-
cordingly took his seat with the others.

Mr. Rawle opened the case on the part of tlie United
States. Before any of the testimony was admitted for the
prosecution, Judge Chase cautioned the prisoner to attend to
the examination of the witnesses against him, and to ask them
any questions he might deem proper, but to be careful not to
ask any question that might possibly criminate himself. He
said that the Court would be watchful of him, and would
check anything that might go to injure him, and would be his
counsel and grant him every assistance and indulgence in their
power. The testimony was much the same as that produced
upon the first trial, and sustained the facts laid in the indict-
ment. The prisoner offered no evidence. Mr. Rawle sum-
med up the testimony, briefly, after which Judge Chase
charged the jury.

The jury retired about six o'clock in the evening, when the
Court adjourned until ten. When they entered the jury room,
the jurors agreed, that without previous argument among
themselves, the opinion of each one should be expressed by
ballot, which was done, and they were unanimously in favor
of conviction. At the hour to which they had adjourned, the
Court again assembled, when the jury was brought in and de-
livered the verdict of Guilty, amid the most profound silence.
During the trial, Fries was tranquil, and bore himself with

i26 THE FRIES REBELLION.

great propriety, but, after the verdict was rendered, he became }
much affected ; and in view of his impending fate remained
depressed in spirits down to the time of his liberation. It is
said that he confidently expected an acquittal, based on the
opinion of his counsel that his offence did not amount to
treason.

After the retldition of the verdict, Judge Chase remarked
to the prisoner that as he had no counsel on the trial, if he. or
any person for' him, could point out any flaw in the indict-
ment, or legal ground for arrest of judgment, ample time
would be allowed for that purpose. The Court met on Fri-
nay, May 2, to sentence the prisoner. The sentence was pro-
nounced by Judge Chase, who addressed Fries at length, re-
marking to the other prisoners at the bar, that what he should
say to him would apply generally to them. He reviewed the
offence of which he had been convicted, after a fair and im-
partial trial, and pointed out the enormity of the crime in re-
sisting the acts of a government so free and liberal as that of
the United States. He called his attention to his near ap-
proach to the close of his career on earth, and besought him
to prepare for that other life which was beyond the grave. He
entreated him to employ the balance of his days in repenting
of his sins, and in seeking that pardon which God alone can
give. In conclusion, Judge Chase said :

"What remains for me is a very necessary but a very pain-
ful part of my duty; it is to pronounce that judgment which
the law has appointed for crimes of this magnitude. The
judgment of the law is, and this Court does award, ' that you
be hanged by the neck until dead ;' and I pray God Almighty
to be merciful to your soul.'

Samuel Sitgreaves, who conducted the prosecution at the
first trial of John Fries, was one of the ablest men Penn-
sylvania ever produced. He was born in Philadelphia, 1763,
where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. He re-
moved to Easton, Northampton county, about 1786, and, by
reason of his great abilities immediately took a high position

THE FRIES REBELLION. 12;

at the bar, and became prominent in politics. His first ap-
pearance in public life, was as a member of the Constitutional
Convention of Pennsylvania, 1790, in which he took an active
part. He was elected to Congress, 1794, and served until
1798. In the impeachment of Senator Blount, of Tennessee,
before the United States Senate, he was one of the leading
managers, and discharged his duties with great power, talents
and fidelity. In 1799 ^•'- Sitgreaves went to England as
Commissioner under Jay's treaty, and was absent at the time
of the second trial of Fries. After the election of Mr.^^ffer-
son he retired from politics and devoted himself to his profes-
sion. He became disgusted with the Federalists, but could
not affiliate with the Democrats. He spent the balance of his
days in retirement.

During the time that John Fries was confined in prison he
received much sympathy from the citizens of Philadelphia,
and others. Among those, who took deep interest in his fate,
was the Rev. Dr. Janeway, an eminent clergymen of that day,
who visited him by permission of the authorities, and minis-
tered to him spiritual and other consolation. He presented
him a handsome Bible, of duodecimo size, with which to con-
sole his hours of confinement. After his sentence to death.
May 9, and when he expected shortly to be led to the scaffold
for execution, he made a bequest of this Bible to his children,
as follows, viz :

"Philadelphia, May 22, 1800."
" My Dear Children. ^This Book, presented to me by J.
J. Janeway, at his request, I leave as the legacy of your dying
father. Let me entreat you to regard it as the best gift of
Heaven ; as revealing the only way of salvation for lost sin-
ners. I beseech, I command you to read and to study it. I
pray that the spirit of God may open your eyes, that you may
read it in faith, to the salvation of your immortal souls.

(Signed) "JOHN FRIES."

The Bible is now in possession of John Fries' descendants,
who live in Whitemarsh, Montgomery county, and is cherish-
ed by them as a great treasure. The bequest is in his hand

128

THE FRIES REBELLION.

writing, and to judge by the language he was by no means an
illiterate man. He lived many years after this period, and at
his death the sacred volume passed into the hands of those
for whom he had intended it.

^he ^m^ Rebellion.

CHAPTER XII.

Peifdon of Ffies.

The conviction and sentence of Fries increased the excite-
ment aheady prevailing. The two poh'tical parties took up
the question of his guilt or innocence and discussed it with
great bitterness ; the Federalists contending he was guilty of
treason and ought to suffer the extreme penalty of the law ;
the Democrats taking the opposite ground, that he was the
victim of tyranny and oppression. The newspapers of that
period teem with this violent partizan discussion, and give us
an insight into the bitterness that prevailed. When the news
spread into the districts where Fries had resisted the execu-
tion of the tax law, and it became known, among his neigh-
bors and followers, that he had been condemned to death, the
minds of the people were more inflamed than at any past
period ; and had they possessed the power would undoubteci-
ly have torn him from the hands of the federal government.

There was a strong feeling in favor of Fries, and this in-
creased after his conviction. He was considered a deluded
man, who had probably been led astray by other more respon-
sible parties. For this reason, also, there was a desire to save
him from execution. This was participated in by both politi-
cal parties, and an immediate effort was made to obtain a par-
don from the President. Fries does not appear to have been
actuated by the feeling of a martyr, nor to have had any de-
sire to be distinguished in that way; but was anxious to es-

(129)

I30 THE FRIES REBELLION.

cape from the unpleasant position in which he found himself.
Soon after his sentence, he caused to be presented to the
President the following petition :

" PETITION OF JOHN FRIES."
To the President of the United States :

"The petition of John Fries respectfully showeth ; that
your prisoner is one of those deluded and unfortunate men,
who, at the Circuit Court of this district, has been convicted
of treason against the United States, for which offence he is
now under sentence of death. In this awful situation, im-
pressed with a just sense of the crime which he has commit-
ted, and with the sincerity of a penitent offender, he entreats
mercy and pardon from him on whose determination rests the
fate of an unfortunate man. He solicits the interference of
the President to save him from an ignominious death, and to
rescue a large, and hitherto happy family, from future misery
and ruin. If the prayer of his petition should be granted, he
will show, by a future course of good conduct, his gratitude to
his offended country by a steady and active support of that
excellent Constitution and laws, which it has been his mis-
fortune to violate and expose.

(Signed) "JOHN FRIES."

PJiiladelpJiia Prison, May, 1800.

To the above petition was attached a recommendation, in
the following words :

" The subscribers most respectfully recommend the peti-
tioner to the President of the United States. They are warm-
ly attached to the Constitution and laws of their country
which they will, on every occasion, and, at every hazard, mani-
fest their zeal to defend and support. But when they reflect
on the ignorance, the delusion, and the penitence of the per-
sons involved in the late insurrection, their pity supersedes
every vindictive sentiment, and they sincerely think that an
exercise of mercy will have a more salutary effect than the
punishment of the convicts. It is on this ground that the
subscribers, knowing the humanity as well as the fortitude of

TME FRIES REBELLION. I3I

the President, venture to claim his attention on the present
awful occasion, in favor of the wretched father of a numerous
family."

In this manner was the application for pardon brought of-
ficially before the President for his consideration.

At the time of the first conviction of Fries, Mr. Adams was
in Massachusetts, on a visit at Quincy.' Colonel Pickering'
and Mr. Wolcott,^ two of the members of his Cabinet, imme-
diately wrote him the result of the trial, and expressed their
satisfaction at the verdict. The latter mentioned, incidentally,
that Mr. Lewis, one of the counsel of the accused, had stated,
on all occasions during the trial, that the offence which he had
committed did not amount to treason. He also stated that
Fries, had frequently said, that " persons of greater conse-

' Quincy, the home and birih place of the Adamses for several generations, and one of
the most beautiful towns of New England, is situated in the township and county of
Norfolk, Mass., eight miles 5. by E. of Boston. Here were born John Hancock,
Josiah Quincy, Jr., and the two Adamses. Quincy is noted for its fine granite quarries,
which employ over a thousand workmen, and here the first railroad in America was put
in operation, 1826, for the purpose of transporting the granite from its bed to tide water,
a distance of three miles. In a stone church, completed in 3828, at a cost of $40,000, is a
beautiful marble monument to the memory of John Adams and his wife. Quincy was
incorporated in 1792, and the population is about 10,000.

" Tinnothy Pickering was born at Salem, Mass., July 17, 1745, and died there January
39, 1829. He graduated at Harvard, 1763; studied law and admitted to the Bar, 1768.
For sometime he was register of deeds, Essex county, and in 1766 was confirmed by Gov.
Bernard, lieutenant of militia; in 1775 was elected Colonel, and subsequently joined the
Continental Army. In September, 1775, he was commissioned justice of the peace, and
two months later, judge of the mariline court for the counties of Suffolk, Essex and
Middlesex. He was appointed by Washington Adjutant General to succeed General
Reed, and was present at battles of Brandy wine and Germantown. In August, 1780, he
was appointed Quarter-Master-General of the army to succeed General Nash Greene,
who resigned. He was present at the surrender of Yorktown. On leaving the army,
1785, he engaged in business in Philadelphia. In 1787 he removed to the Wyoming Val-
ley, Pa., was a member of the Convention, 1789, to frame the new Constitution. On
resignation of General Knox, 1795, he was appointed Secretary of War, and later in the
same year. Secretary of State to i8oo. He returned to Massachusetts, and in 1802 was
appointed President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas; elected U. S. Senate,
1803-1812 ; member House of Representatives, 1812-16.

s Oliver Wolcott was born at Litchfield, Conn., January 11, 1760, and died at New
York city, June i, 1833. He graduated at Yale, 1778, studied law and was admitted to
the Bar, 1 781. He saw some military service during the Revolution. In 1789 he was
appointed Auditor, in 1791 Comptroller, and in 1795 Secretary of Treasury of the United
States. He was elected Governor of Connecticut, 1817, and served for 10 years.

132 THE FRIES REBELLION,

sequence had been at the bottom of the business." These
letters reached Mr. Adams the evening of May i6, and, the
next morning, he answered them. To Mr. Wolcott he wrote
as follows :

" QuiNCY, May 17, 1799."
" I thank you, sir, for the favor of the iith, which I received
last night. The termination of the trial of Fries, is an import-
ant and interesting, and an affecting event. I am unable to
conjecture the grounds of Mr. Lewis' opinion and wish I had
a sketch of them. Is Fries a native or a foreigner? Is he a
man of property and independence, or is he in debt? What
has been his previous life? Industrious or idle, sober or tem-
perate ?

"It is of importance to discover, if possible, the great man
alluded to by Fries, in his observation to Mr. Wood, as at the
bottom of the business, and the evidence of any agitation
among the insurgents ought to be collected.

" It is of moment, also, to ascertain whether the insurgents
had any general view, or exteitsive communications with
others of similar dispositions in other counties or correspon-
dence with other states. We ought also to inquire whether
Fries is the most culpable among the guilty, if that can be
known. It highly concerns the people of the United States,
and especially the federal government, that in the whole pro-
gress and ultimate conclusion of this affair, neither humanity
be unnecessarily afflicted, nor public justice essentially vio-
lated, nor the public safety endangered.

" I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient and hum-
ble servant, (Signed) JOHN ADAMS."

This honest expression of opinion, by Mr. Adams, was not
well received by some of the members of his Cabinet, who
had marked Fries as a victim to federal power, and they were
not well pleased at the prospect of his escaping them, a re-
mote chance of which they thought they ctnild see fore-
shadowed in the President's letter. In the life of John Adams,
by his grandson, Charles Francis Adams, volume i, page 571,
the author thus notices this proceeding: "These letters were

THE FRIES REBELLION. 1 33

received by the persons to whom they were addressed with
some dismay. They did not understand why the President
should entertain his own views of the law, after the proper
Court had adjucated upon it, and they honestly thought that
the public safety required an immediate example to be made
of Fries. ' Painful as the idea of taking the life of a man,'
said Pickering, ' I feel a calm and solid satisfaction that an
opportunity is now presented, in executing the just sentence
of the law, to crush that spirit, which, if not overthrown and
destroyed, may proceed in its career, and overturn the gov-
ernment.' "

Two views were presented when the question of the execu-
tion of Fries camp up, but the conflict was postponed for a
time, by a new trial beuig granted.

After the second conviction, and his sentence to death, by
Judge Chase, Mr. Adams took the proper measures to inform
himself of the probable guilt or innocence of the prisoner, and
of such other matters in relation thereto, as would give him a
full understanding of the whole case, that he might act justly
and fairly in the premises.

There can be no doubt that, at one period, Mr. Adams had
determined to let the law take its course, and made up his
mind not to interpose the executive clemency. Mr. Hamil-
ton,* in his letter on the public conduct of Mr. Adams, states
that while the trials were pending, he more than once ex-
pressed himself to the effect, " that the accused must found
their hopes of escape, either in their innocence, or in the
lenity of the juries; since from him, in case of conviction,

* Alexander Hamilton, one of the ablest Araericam statesmen of the early Constitu-
tional era of the United States, was born on the Island of Nevis, West Indies, January
II, 1757, and educated at Columbia College, New York. While a student he organized
an artillery company of his fellow students, and took an active part at the battle of Long
Island. In January, 1777, he became Washington's Private Secretary and remained
with him until April, 1781. He married a daughter of Philip Schuler, 1780. After the
War of the Revolution had been fought to a conclusion, the important part he took in
the formation, and adoption of the Constitution, and his services in organizing the
finances of the new Republic are too well known to need repetition. He fell in a duel
with Aaron Burr, July 11, 1804. Alexander Hamilton was one of the most remarkable
men that took part in the Revolutionary struggle and the subsequent formation of the
Government.

134 THE FRIES REBELLION.

they would have nothing to expect." He further states that
a short time before the pardon he declared that the mistaken
policy of Washington in regard to the Western Insurrection
had been the cause of the second troubles. Whatever the
cause may have been, it is evident his mind had undergone
great change, and that he had come to the determination to
pardon them if he could have justification for doing so. Hence
his anxiety to learn the full particulars of the case, indepen-
dent of the action of the Court and jury.

Soon after the sentence of death had been pronounced,
Thomas Adams, son of the President, waited upon Mr. Lewis,
one of the counsel of Fries, and told him that his father
wished to know the points and authorities upon which he and
Mr. Dallas had intended to rely in case they had defended
him upon the second trial. The Attorney-General of the
United States made a like request, and, at their solicitation,
Messrs. Dallas and Lewis made a full statement of the points
of the case, which was sent to the President on or before
May 19. About this time a change took place in the
Cabinet, and the President was thus deprived of a portion of
his Constitutional advisers ; and when the question again came
up there were only three persons to consult with.

On May 20, he submitted to his Cabinet a series of thir-
teen questions, which indicate his leaning to the side of
clemency. Mr. Walcott remained firmly of the opinion that
all three of the leaders in the insurrection. Fries, Heaney and
Getman, should be executed, which was called for to inspire
the well disposed with confidence in the government, and the
malevolent with terror. The other ministers believed that
the execution of Fries, alone, would be sufficient to show the
power of the law to punish evil doers ; but rather than that
all three should be released, they were in favor of the execu-
tion of the whole of them. Mr. Adams appears to have acted
upon his own judgment, and took the responsibility of the
measure without the concurrence of his Cabinet. Having
satisfied his own mind that it was a case in which the execu-
tive clemency could be exercised with good effect, and that
the great excitement, prevailing in the country, would be

THE FRIES REBELLION. I35

much more readily allayed by mercy than the opposite course,
he determined to grant an unconditional pardon to all
the prisoners. For this purpose he caused to be issued the
following :

"PROCLAMATION."

" BY JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

OF AMERICA."

" Philadelphia, May 23."
" Whereas, The late wicked and treasonable insurrection
against the just authorities of the United States, of sundry
persons in the counties of Northampton, Montgomery and
Bucks, in the State of Pennsylvania, in the year 1799, having
been speedily suppressed without any of the calamities usual-
ly attending rebellion, whereupon peace, order, and submis-
sion to the laws of the United States were restored in the
aforesaid counties, and the ignorant, misguided and misin-
formed in the counties have returned to a proper sense of
their duty; whereby it is become unnecessary for the public
good that any future prosecutions should be commenced or
carried on against any person or persons, by reason of their
being concerned in the said insurrection ; wherefore be it
known that I, John Adams, President of the United States of
America, have granted, and by these presents do grant, a full
free and absolute pardon, to all and every person or persons
concerned in the said insurrection, excepting as hereinafter
excepted, of all felonies, misdemeanors and other crimes by
them respectively done or committed against the United
States; in either of the said counties, before the 12th day of
March, in the year 1799; excepting and excluding therefrom
any person who now standeth indicted or convicted of any
treason, misprison of treason, or other offence against the
United States; whereby remedying and releasing unto all
persons, except as before excepted, all pains and penalties in-
curred, or supposed to be incurred 'for, or on account of the
premises. Given under my hand and the seal of the United
States of America, at the city of Philadelphia, this Twenty-
first day of May, in the year of our Lord Eighteen Hundred,
and of the Independence of the said United States, the
twenty-fourth. (Signed) "JOHN ADAMS."

136 THE FRIES REBELLION.

This proclamation, as will be noticed, did not ennbrace the
cases of Fries, Ileany and Getman, already under sentence,
and a special pardon was made out for them a few days after-
ward, which struck the fetters from their limbs and set them
free. The biographer of John Adams states that " the Cabi-
net had been consulted at every step, but nevertheless, when
the President ordered the pardons made out the next day, for
all the offenders, the disaffected members viewed the Act
with disappointment, and Mr. Adams was charged with in-
consistency, and having been governed by personal motives
for the Act. It was said to be a ' fatal concession to his
enemies,' as the Act was ' popular in Pennsylvania.' Such
was the tone of the disappointed Federalists who saw in it
another departure from the policy they would have intro-
duced into the federal government."

5^he |^Fie§ Rebellion.

•'-^!*t^<^*6^-*

CHAPTER XIII.

C-o n c 1 u. si o n .

The action of President Adams, in pardoning Fries, Haney
and Getman, was the cause of much dissention in the Cabinet)
and, between him and his political friends, it engendered a
bitterness of feeling that was never entirely obliterated. So
far as ofificial action was concerned, the act of pardon closed
the drama of the " Rebellion," and removed it from further
consideration. This final disposition of the affair, however,
did not have the effect of taking it out of politics, but, for a
number of years afterward, it was made a standing text, par-
ticularly in eastern Pennsylvania, for philipics against the
Federal party. In the campaign which soon followed, be-
tween Mr. Jefferson' and John Adams, it was used with tre-
mendous effect against the latter, and assisted very materially
in hurling him and his friends from power. It was one of the
leading causes which produced the great political revolution

1 Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, was born April 3, 1743, at
Shadwell, Abermarle county, Virginia. He was graduated from Williams' and Mary's
College, 1762, and at that early day was noted for his scholarship in languages. He
studied law with George Wythe, then at the head of the Vii'ginia Bar, in whom he
found a friend through life, and was admitted to the Bar, 1767. He would have made
a great lawyer had he continued in the profession, but he naturally inclined to politics.
He was elected to the House of Burgesses, 1768, and continued a member until it was
closed by the Revolution. When the oppression of Parliament led the colonies to throw
off the yoke of Great Britain, Jefferson threw himself into the contest with all his vigor
and zeal. We need not recount his subsequent distinguished career. The authorship cf
the Declaration of Independence, if he had done nothing else, would make his name
immortal.

(137)

I ',S rHK FRIES RKBKIJJON.

in this State in i Soo, and the Fcdt-ral p.ir'y never recovered
from th ■ orliuni it eiitailed up in it. We remember when the
names of Fries. Haney an.l Getman were mingled in our local
county politics ; and more than one Democrat, in Bucks county,
owetl his elevation to office to the skillful use made of the
events growing out of the house-tax law of 1 798.

The part Mr. Adams took, in the matter of pardoning the
insurgents, v\ a i alike creditable to his head and heart, and
tends to remove, in some degree, the stigma his approval of
the Alien and Sedition law, and the House Tax fastened
upon his Administration. That he was moved to it by the
best of motives, and prompted by the dictates of a kind heart,
there can be no question, ancj it is equally certain the Act was
liis own. and against the wish and advice of his Cabinet. He
has left behind him a record of the satisfaction it gave him.
In his tenth letter, in the Boston Patriot, of May 17, 1809, re-
marking on his responsibility for all his executive acts, and
that it was his right and duty to be governed by his own
judgment, although in direct conflict with the advice of all his
ministers, he says: " This was my situation in more than one
instance It had been so in the nomination of Mr. Gerry ; it
was afterwards so in the pardon of Fries ; two measures that
I recollect with infinite satisfaction, and which will console me
in my last hour."

It was suspected at the time of the disturbance, that more
prominent men than the unfortunates who fell into the hands
of the F'ederal authorities were at the bottom of the rebellion ;
and even the narnes of some of the leaders of the Federal
party were connected with it. After the trial, John Fries
told a Mr. Wood, a clerk in one of the Departments, and who
was also clerk of the prison, " that great men were at the bot-
tom of this business." Oliver Wolcott, in a letter to John
Adams, dated Philadelphia, May ii, 1799, states that B, Mc-
Clerachan, a member of the Assembly of Pennsylvania, was
certainly an agitator among the insurgents. One authority
upon the subject says :

" Much of the blame attending upon this disturbance is cast

THE FRIES REBE1,[J')N. I 39

upon Mr, Sitgreaves, formerty a member of Congress from tlie
Bucks district, and Eyeriy, both disappointed politici ms Vhc
former followed the march of the troops and appears to have
been busy in hunting up persons who had pposed the law.
Eyeriy was defeated at the election that fall. I'Meswas a
Federalist, and ardent supporter of John Adams" administra-
tion, on which account it is supposed he was not afraid of an
arrest, believing that his Federal friends would not molest
him. Probably Sitgreaves and Eyeriy are those to whom
Fries refers, that more prominent men were at the be ttom i>i
it. It is hinted that they were at the bottom of it and left
Fries in the lurch. This is given as the reason th.it the
Federal members of the Legislature opposed the institution of
any inquiry into the cause of the disturbance. It is said it
was the desire of the Federalists to bring odium on the Re-
publicans by ordering federal troops into the county to put
down the rebellion."

However this may be — we mean the participation of nren of
prominence in the disturbance, we think the matter is now
pretty clearly established, that the affair had given to it much
greater importance than it merited. We are also well convinced,
had the proper steps been taken to quiet the agitation,
through the agency of the local authorities there would never
have been any need of the interposition of the Federal au-
thorities. In his opinion we are sustained by some of the
actors in the scenes that grew out of it. Among others, an
officer of the army, writing from camp, while it lay in Bucks
county, says : " I need not add after what I have before written
to you, that every hour's experience confirms me more and more
that this expedition was not only unnecessary, but violently
absurd. I can take upon me to assert, that excepting in the
rash act of rescuing the people under arrest from the Mar-
shall, there has not been even a desire of resistance manifested,
and the most marked censure of many persons now in
custody. I do verily believe that a sergeant and six men
might have performed all the service for which we have been
assembled at so heavy an expense to the United States, and

I40 THE FRIES REBELLION.

with such a loss of important time to us, especially those
who are in the mercantile line."

This seems to have been the opinion of all who were ac-
quainted with the whole affair, except those violent partisans
whose prejudices were too strong and too bitter to permit
them to judtje the caseWith fairness. The whole cost of the
expedition to the United States is said to have been $80,000.

When Fries was liberated there was great rejoicing through-
out the couritry, but the anti-Federalists failed to give Mr.
Adams credit for his act of mercy and clemency. As would
naturally be the case, they attributed the act, which he said
"would console him in his last hours," to sinister motives, and,
if anything, they increased the bitterness of their attack upon
him and his' administration. Such, however, is the history of
political parties the world over, and we are not surprised to
find no departure therefrom in the exciting times of '98
and '99.

The subsequent history of Fries is brief and void of interest.
Upon his release from impri.^orment he went directly to the
humble home which had sheltered him before he became so
famous, and again entered into the ordinary current of life.
He resumed his old avocation of vendue crying, and, as
before, in company with his little dog traversed the county
back and forth, crying the sales of his neighbors and acquaint-
ance. The events of the " Rebellion" left some bitterness be-
hind it took years to heal, and, from time to time, this linger-
ing ill-feeling broke out in that section of the county. There
was much hostility against Penrose, who piloted the troops to
Bunker Hill when they captured Fries, and the friends of the
latter hardly ever forgave him. A few years after his return
home Conrad Marks and his friends came down to Quaker-
town to whip Penrose, who, with a number of his neighbors,
was breaking the roads filled with snow drifts. Marks mis-
took his man, got hold of a nephew of the one he sought and
received a good whipping for his trouble. It is also related
that soon after his pardon the friends of Fries, who lived near
Sumneytown, Montgomery county, raised a Liberty Pole,
rather as a mark of exultation over the defeat of the schemes

THE FRIES REHKIJJON. I4I

of the Federalists. John Rodrock, the same who liad re-
ceived indignity at the hands of Fries, was in Philadelphia at
the time attending market, and, on his retuin sent his hired
man to cut the pole down, which he acconiplishcil. fhe peo-
ple soon got wind of it and pursued and caught the party be-
fore they had crossed the line into Bucks. They placed soine
penalty upon them, but the nature of it we have not K arncd.''

In a previous chapter we mentioned that John Fries had
done his country some service during the Revolutionary War.
At that time he was living at Charlestown, Milford tow nship.
He was in active service during the war. Between these
periods, and while spending some time at home, he was the
hero of a spirited affair. While the enemy occupied l^hila-
delphia a party of J3ritish light horse, on a foraging expech'i ion
in the upper end of Bucks county, were returning to the city
through Charlestown in the night. His wife hearing the chit-
ter of hoofs, got up and looked out of the window just before
daylight, and saw the troopers marching by with a large num-
ber of cattle in charge. She said to her husband, "Why,
John here goes a troop of Light Hoise all dressed in red ; and
I guess they must be the British." Fries got up immediately
and dressed, and went first to the houses of Hoover and Wy-
kert, near neighbors, whom he awoke and informed of what
was going on. He then went around the neighborhood and
aroused the people whom he headed and, with them, went in
pursuit of the retreating British. They overtook the soldiers
near the Spring House tavern, and compelled them to re-
linquish the cattle and hasten their march to Philadelphia.
The cattle w-ere driven back and returned to their owners.

John Furies continued to reside in Milford township to the

- The war on " Liberty Poles," made by the Federalists of 1800, is verified by several
persons. Jesse Nace, Phiiadelpliia, writes us as follows on tlie subject, while this
volume was being prepared for the press: "Your story of th'^ unwritten history of
Bucks county, read before the Historical Society of Penna., and printed in the Philadel-
phia Times, revived in my mind, the sayings of my father, Henry Nace, who participat-
ed in that event, that 'he people had erected ' Libf rty Poles' and the soldiers (light
horsemen) cut them down. I saw no illusion in your address to this fact, and if father
were correct, this addition to your paper would substantially strengthen it ]*'ather was
born in Tinicum, March, 1777, consequently he was 22 years old when the occurrences of
179S-99 took place. He said his first vote was for Jefferson for President.' "

142 THE FRIES REBELLION.

day of his death, which took place in 1818.' He was buried
in the grave yard at Charlestown, where his remains now lie,
without a stone to mark their resting place. The allegation
that Fries opened a tin store in Philadelphia after his pardon
is wholly without foundation. Such a statement is found
in a note at the conclusion of the published account of the
trial, and was probably inserted there on some rumor which
prevailed at that day, without the author taking the trouble
to satisfy himself of its truth. When we visited his son Daniel,
we questioned him particularly upon this point, and he as-
sured us that his father returned to Milford township, where
he continued to follow his old occupation to the day of his
death. The same was stated to us by some of the old resi-
dents of Quakertown, who knew him well in their younger
days. At his decease, his son Daniel assumed the occupation
of a vendue cryer, which he followed until he removed to
near Sumneytown, where he now resides at the age of nearly
80 years.* Another son, Soimon, lived at Whitemarsh, and
both of them left numerous descendants. The father of John
Fries, whose name was Simon, came from Wales, and first set-
tled in Maryland, but afterward removed to Montgomery
county, in this State, where he died.

We now conclude this historic episode of Bucks county,
and take leave of the reader. In writing the preceding ac-
count of the " Fries Rebellion" we were influnced by two
considerations ; the first a desire to give a correct account of
what was an important affair in its day, and hitherto but im-
perfectly understood ; the second, a desire to do justice to

3 From an examination of the register's office at Doylestown, Bucks rounty, it appears
John Fries died about the last of February, 1818, at the age of 70. His will is dated
June 6, 1815, and probated March i, 1818. At the time of his death he lived in Lower
Milford township, Bucks county. His two sors, John and Solomon, were his executors.
The will mentions two pieces of real estate, a lot of 14 acres in Lower Milford, and one
of 3 acres in Marlborough township, Montgomery county. The names of his surviving
children given in the will, are Solomon, John, Daniel, Sarah, Margaret and Catharine.
The wife's name was Margaret. After paying his debts and funeral expenses the residue
of this estate was divided among his children, "share and share alike." As we have
been unable to find the settlement of his estate, we are ignorant of its amount.

♦ iSsS.

THE FRIES REBELLION. I43

those who played the leading parts. If we have succeeded in
one, or both desires, we have accomplished our purpose.

Of John Fries we have formed a more favorable opinion
than we entertained when we commenced writing. We be-
lieve him to have been an earnest and honest, but misguided
man, who was moved to the course he took by what he con-
sidered his duty. The conduct of Mr. Adams shows him to
have been actuated by a sense of duty, as he understood it.
and the pardon of the " insurgents" rescues his memory from
some of the charges brought against him. He was, no doubt,
influenced to some extent, by the high political excitement of
the day, but he cannot justly be accused of cruelty in the
share he had in the troubles of the period. All the actors
in these scenes have long since passed beyond the bar of pub-
lic opinion, and their acts should now be judged with fairness
and candor from the standpoint of History, whose chiefest
honor is impartiality.

[the end.]

fo^

APPENDIX.

4 THE FRIES REBELLION.

Upper and Lower Milford and Salisbury, in Northampton,
now Lehigh county. There was much dissatisfaction with the
tax law in the townships north and west of the Lehigh, yet I
do not know of a single armed man that came to the rescue
from any point north of the Lehigh river.

" My impression has always been that if Colonel Nichols had
not given up his prisoners, Bethlehem would have been burn-
ed and razed to the ground. Such were the threats which in-
duced Joseph Horsfield and others to prevail on the Marshal
to yield."

5^he I'Fiel Rebellion.

••-^»*^*^*tf-^

Last Will ar\d Testamer\t of Jol\r\ Pries.

In the name of God Amen, I, John Fries, of Lower Milford
township, in the county of Bucks, State of Pennsylvania, Yeo-
man, though reduced to a low state of bodily strength, yet be-
ing of sound mind, memory and understanding, (blessed be
Almighty God for the same) and considering the uncertainty
of transitory life, think it necessary to dispose of those world-
ly goods that God, in mercy, hath given me to enjoy, by this,
my last will and testament, in a manner hereafter expressed,
that is to say, first of all, I will that all my just debts and
funeral expenses be well and truly paid by my executors,
hereafter named, as soon after my decease as conveniently
may be, and that as soon as possible a true inventory and ap-
praisement may be taken of all my movables and effects, out-
standing debts and further personal property, which said ef-
fects and property together, with my real estate (except tho.sc
goods taken by my wife) I do order and direct my executors
to sell and dispose by public vendue, as quick as possible,
after my decease, as may be convenient :

Item: I give and bequeath unto my loving wife Margaret
one bed and bedding, one chest, one table and such other
goods as my executors may think necessary for her own use.
I also give and bequeath to my said wife forty dollars yearly,
during her natural life, which is to be paid to her by my ex-
ecutors out of my estate yearly and every year as long as she-
may live, and in case there should not be enough for he-r

(5)

6 THE FRIES REBELLION.

maintainance, my will is that my said wife shall have as much
of my estate as is necessary for her support. Item: I give
and bequeath unto my grandson, Samuel, (a lad that now lives
with me) the just and full sum of forty dollars gold and silver
money, to be paid to a guardian (whom I shall hereafter ap-
point) in one year after my departure. Item: I give and be-
queath to my two other grandchildren, the heirs of my daugh-
ter Catharine, deceased, (the late wife of George Gable) one
share of my estate their mother would have become heir to, if
she had been living) to be paid to their guardian (whom I
shall appoint) at a convenient time for making the division of
my estate. Item: I nominate and appoint my trusty friend,
Jacob Loll, of Lower Milford township aforesaid, sole guar-
dian of these three minor children above mentioned, whom I re-
quest to receive the money as above willed and to put the
same on interest in good safe hands, and to pay the said
minors severally as they arrive to the age of twenty-one years.
Item: I nominate and appoint my two sons, Solomon and
John Fries, co-executors of this my last will and testament,
giving them full power and absolute authority to sell and dis-
pose of the lot whereon I live, situated in Lower Milford
aforesaid, containing fourteen acres, (be the same more or
less) with all the buildings and appurtenances thereunto belong-
ing, or in any wise appertaining, and another lot, situ.ited in
Marlborough township, Montgomery count}% containing three
acres of land (be it more or less) giving them full power and
absolute authority to make and execute good and firm titles,
good and effective conveyances in law on the same unto such
person, or persons that, may or shall purchase the same, and
unto his or their heirs and assigns forever, as I myself might,
or could, do were I living, and that as soon after my decease
as m'ay be convenient, and the money arising from the said
sales, as well as from my personal estate that may be remain-
ing after my just debts are paid and legacies aforesaid. Itein :
I give and bequeath unto my seven children, to wit, Solomon,
John, Daniel, Elizabeth, Sarah, Margaret and Catharine, to be
equally divided between them, share and share alike, but the
share of my daughter Catharine, who has departed this life, is

THE FRIES REBELLION. 7

to be paid to her two children, or their guardian, as above di-
rected. Finally, I do revoke, annul, and make void all former
and other wills by me heretofore made or declared to be made,
either by word of mouth or in writing, ratifying and
confirming this only written, on both sides of this sheet
of paper to be my last. In witness whereof, I have
hereunto set my hand and seal the sixth day of June, in the
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifteen.

(Signed) JOHN FRIES, [seal.]

Signed, sealed and acknowledged by the testator, as his last
will and testament, in the presence of us, the hereunto sub-
scribed witnesses, who, at his request, have set our names,
Morgan Custard, Wm. Getman, Bucks county, Pa., on the 9th
day of March 1818.

William Getman, one of the subscribing witnesses to the
foregoing writing, purporting to be the last will and testa-
ment of John Fries, deceased, appeared before me, and on this
solemn af^rmation, taken and subscribed, did declare and say
that he was present and saw John Fries, the testator, sign,
seal and acknowledge the same to be his last will and
testament, and that, at the time of his so doing, he was of
sound mind and memory, and of deposing, understanding, as
he, this afHrment believed, and, that at the same time, thisaf-
firment saw Morgan Custard, the other subscribing witness,
sign his name as a witness, at the request and in the presence
of the testator, and further that the name William Getman
above is of his, this affirment's own proper handwriting, and
further saith not. William Getman, afifirmed and subscribed
before me, day and date above.

(Signed) JOHN PUGH, Register.

Bucks County ss. Be it remembered, that on the 9th of
March, 1818, the foregoing last will and testament of John
Fries was duly proven, when letters testamentary thereof
were granted unto Soloman Fries and John Fries, the ex-
ecutors therein named, they having first been duly sworn,
well and truly to administer the same. Witness my hand and
seal of office. (Signed) JOHN PUGH, Register.

THE FRIES REBELLION.

I I

Adams, John, 3, 7, 29, 70, 71, 115; to
Wolcott, 132, 12, 14, 17, 133, 137 ; Ac-
tion Creditable, 138; Informs Him-
self, 133; Acted on his Own Judgment,
134 ; Adams' Administration of, 4, 11.

Adams, Charles Francis, 132.

Adams, Thomas, 134.

Administration, 14.

Advertiser, The Daily, 80, 92.

Adler, Reading, 112.

Allentown, Commissioners Meet at, 39;
The Army Marches to, iii.

Army, Continental, i, 10.

Army, Federal, 82.

Army, Review of, 108.

Art man, Henry, 72.

Artillery, U. S., 8'.

Arrests Made, Number and Names, 104.

Army Officer, Letter from, 139.

Authorities, Federal, 55, 69, 72.

Assessors, 3, 6, 17, 20; Assessors Give up
Assessments, 35.

Assessment Rates of, 3.

Assessments, 16.

Balliott, 21, 39; at Trexlertown Meeting,

45-
Balliott, Colonel, 48.
Balliott, Mr., 59, 72.
Barnett, William, 59, 61.
Barnelt, John, 59.
Barnett, William, 62.
Baker, Dr., 68.
Baynton, Adjutant-General Peter, 76, 77 ;

Issues Order for Troops, 77.
Bethlehem, Marshal Returned to, 48 ; 50,

SI. 53. 54, 55-
Bethlehem, South, 56, 57
Bethlehem, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 67,

69, 72.
Bridge, Lehigh, 6.
Brunner, Margaret, 8.
Brunner, David, 8.
Brandywine, 53.
Brown, General, 59.
Bucks, 69, 72.
Blues, Macpherson, 78.
Bristol, Troops Ordered to, 78.
Bucks County, Troops from, 77, 113.
Bunker Hill, 03.

Camp Hill, 10.

Cavalry, Troops, 76.

Carlisle, 79.

Cabinet, Changes in, 134.

Campaign, Cost of, 140.

Chase, Judge, Warrants Returnable to,

47 ; Conduct of, 124 ; Addresses Fries,

126, 133
Chapman, Seth, 5.
Chapman, James, 6, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 22,

25, 26, 27 105 ; Sketch of, 106, 107.
Charlestown, 9, 12, 15.
Childs, Cephas, 6, 22, t6, 25, 26, 27, 28,

2Pi 30, 31, 32, 33; Threatened by In-

surgents, 34.
Clark, Samuel, 6, 16, 17, tg, 25, 26, 22,68.
Court, U. S., 20, 32.
Cline, John, 57.
Congress, 2 ; Act of, July 9, 1798, 3, 3, 4,

15, 21, 27 ; Power to Lay Taxes, 83.
Commissioners, 5, 6.
Company, Captain Mosher's, 80.
''ontingent, Northampton, 57.
Constitution, The, 70.
County, Bucks, 2, 5, 7, 8, 13, 16, 54, 67,

73. 75. 76, 82.
County, Northampton, 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13,

34, 40, 48, 51, 54, 62, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75,

75. 76, 77. §2, 113.
County, Montgomery, 45, 8, 16, 26, 69, 73 ;

Troops from, 77, 75, 76, 81, 82.
County, Berks, 4, 5.
County, Wayne, 5.
County, Lehigh, 57.
County, Luzerne, 5.
County, Lancaster, 75.
County, Cumberland, Cavalry Ordered

from, 78.
Contingent, Northampton, 61, 62.
Colonies, American, g.
Crooked Billet, 10. ,

Cortez, 97.
Creek, Boggy, S, 9.
Creek, Swamp, 97.

Davidson, Samuel, 5.

Davis, 68.

Dallas, Alex. J., 117; Dallas' Defence of
Fries, 121 ; Dallas' and Lewis,' State-
ment of Fries' Case, 134 ; Wilhdr:>w,

134-
Demociacy, 2c.
Delaware, The, 51, 53.
DeKalbe, Baron, 53,
Dixon, Mr., 60.

Districts, German, Inhabitants of, 105.
Dogs, Homer's Hero's, 97.
Dunlap, Captain, 77.

Easton, 42, 59.

Eberhart, Sent to Philadelphia, 99.

Edwards, Caleb, 9, 94.

Edwards, William, g, 93.

Edmonds, Mr., 13.

Edwards, Jacob E., 3.

Edwards, San^uel, g5.

Elliott, Captain, 51.

Emaus, 48, 66.

English, The, 28.

Erdman, Interpreter for Witnesses, iig.

Europe, 2.

Eyerley, Jacob, 5, 21, 42 ; Appointed
Commissioners, Northampton, 38; Di-
vides Township, 39 ; Explains the Law.
43 ; Reads Petition, 44, 48, 59, 64, 65.

Eyerley, Daniel, 51.

Eyerman, Accompanies Marshal to Make
Arrests, 48, 4g, sg ; Clergyman, 100.

THE FRIES REBELLION.

Federalists, 6i .

Federalists, Anti, 6i.

Foulke, IJverhard, 6, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28.

Frantz, Zeno, 29.

Foulke aud Rodrock, Messrs., 30.

Foulke, 31, 32.

Frailey, Colonel, 113.

Foulke, Fverhard, 121.

Fox, John, 6.

France, 2, 26.

French, 2.

Fries, John, 2, 7, 8, 9 ; Children of, 9, 11, 12,
13, 14, IS, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25^ 26, 27, 27, 28,
29. 30. 31. 34, 3^, 54. 57. 62, 63 ; Captain, 64,
64, 6s, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72 ; Military Called
for, 75, 93 ; First Object of Capture, 93 ;
Macpherson, Head of, 93 : Arrests of, 94 ;
Two Accounts of Capture, 9s ; Fries' Dog,
Account of, 96 ; Fxamination of, 98, 99 ;
Sent to Philadelphia, 99 ; Betrayed by
his Dog, 97 ; Trial of, 115 ; Indictment of
116; Motion Argued, 118; Sitgreaves
Opens Case, 119 : Names of Jurors, 119 ;
Pleads Not Guilty, 119 ; Witnesses, 120 ;
Confession of, read, 120 ; New Trial
Granted to, 123 ; Sentence Imposed on,
126 ; Letter to his Children, 127 ;
Bible Presented to, 127 ; Verdict
Againstr 122 ; Sympathy for, 127 ;
Strong Feeling in Favor of, 129 ; Con-
viction and Sentence of, 129 ; Movement
for Pardon of, 129 ; Petition for Pardon,
130; Pickering Favored Execution of, 133;
Heaney and Getman, Pardon of, 136 : Par-
don of. Engendered Bad Feeling aud En-
tered Politics, 137; A Federalists, 139;
Subsequent History of, 140 ; Recovers
Cattle from British, 141 ; Release Well Re-
ceived, 141 ; Death of, 142 ; Character of,
143-

Fries, Daniel, 8 ; 14, S7 ; Tried to Capture,
97 ; Death of, 98, 142.

Fries, Jacob, 22, 23, 27, 31.

Fries, Solomon, 142.

Galloway, Joseph, 8.

Germans, 2, 28, 67.

Gerry, Mr., 138.

Getman, 7. 12, 13, 137, 138.

Green, Richard, 30.

Greenmeyer, m.

Government, The, 20, 61.

Governor, Message of the, 73 ; To Make

due Inquiry, 74.
Graber, James, 17.
Grant, Thomas, Jr., s-
Great Britain, 9.
Griffith, Esquire, 32.
Griffith, Mrs., 32.

Hager, Christian, 12.

Hagersville, 12.

Heaney, Frederick, 7, 12 ; Children of, 13,

71, '37, 138-
Heaney, George, 12.
Heister, Colonel. 113.
Heckewelder, 44.
Heller, Meeting at House of, 42.
Henry, William, 43.
Henry, Judge, Attends Meeting at Hellers',

43 ; Issued Subpoenas, 4s, 46, 59, 65.
Henry, Capt. John, 79 ; Hamilton, Views of,

133.
Harper, Robert Goodloe, 92.

Hartman, Herman, 51.

Hartzell, Isaac, 61.

Helmuth, Rev. Chas. Henry, Address of, 87.

House-Tax, Insurgents Dam the, 33.

House, Jacob Fries, 28.

House, Sisters', 53.

House, The Question Referred, 74.

House, Spring, 81.

Horsfield, Mr., 59, 64, 6s.

Hotel, Eagle, 51.

Home, Assessor, 39.

Hoover's, John and Jacob, 31, 17, 18, 68.

Iden, James C, Letter of, 41.

Indians, Mohican, 53.

Inhabitants, Distress of, no.

Insurgents, The, 73 ; Persued by Troops,

105 ; Arrested, 106.
Insurrection, Western, 73, 134.
Insurrection, Whiskey, i, 10
Iredell, Judge, 115 ; Charge to Grand Jury,

116, 118.
Irvine, Captain, 79.

Jamison, John, 31, 67, 68, 121.
Janeway, Rev. Dr., 127.
Jarrett, Captain, 55, 64, 68.
Jenkinson, Isaac, s-
Jury, Case Given to, 122.
Jurors, Names of, 124.

Kachline, John, 94.

Karackerstown, Fourteen Surrender at, in.

Kearne Mr. 40.

Kennedy, Captain, 77.

Klein, John, 15.

Klein, Jacob, 19.

Klitie George, 68.

Kuyder, Capt , 16, 23, 29, 31.

Lacey, Gen. John, 10.

LaFayette, 53.

Liberty, 21 ; Pole Cut Down, no ; War on,

141.
Laws, Alieti and Sedition, 3, 4, 36, 41, 138.
Law, House Tax, 4.
Lesher, Captain, 77.
Leiper, Captain, 77, 113.
Lancaster, Josepli R., 32.
Lancaster, 79.
Levering, Abraham, 65, 70.
Legislature, The, 75.
Lewistown, 18.
Lee, Henry, 2.
Lee's Division, 53.
Lewis, Mr., 131.
Light Horse, Lancaster, 112.

Macpherson, General, 8 ; Brigadier-General,
76 ; Designated to Command Troops, 77 ;
Appointed Brigadier U. S. A., 78, 81 ; Ad-
~ - - - . „- ^^

with

dress of, 82 ; Forewarns People,

dress of, 87 ; Probably Marched

Cavalry, 92, 112, 113.
Marks, Conrad, 30, 21, 34, 54, 57, 67, 68, 71 ;

Surrendered, 108.
Marks, John, 50
Massachusetts, i.
Marshal United States, so. 54, 58, 59, 60, 62,

THE FRIES REBELLION.

63, 64, 69, 70 ; Armed Force to be Sent

With, 90.
Meadow, Smith's, 97.
iMilford, Upper and Lower, 26, 68, 17, 19, 22,

54-
Mifflin, Governor, 73, 76, 80.
Montgomery, Captain, 77, 112, 113.
Morrell, Captain, 77.
Melbecke, Lieutenant, 108.
Moravians, 51.
Moore, Richard, 100.
Mnlhallon, John, 61.
Mitchell, George, 15, 17, 17, 19, 19,21, 71.
Mill, Mathers', 8.
Mill, Stover's, 12
Mill, Hoover's, 20.
Millarstown, 49, 54, 57, 61, 62, 72 ; Troops

March for, 100 : Army Encamped at, 108.
Michael, Nicholas, 41, 42.
Military Force Called for, 73.
Militia, Requisition from, 75.
Mount Vernon, 3.
McHenry, James, 76.
McClerachan B., An Agitator, 138.
Moretz, At Meeting, 44.

Nazareth, 48, 51.

Nanticokes, 52.

Nace, Enos, P., 97.

Newtown, Troops Rendezvous at, 78 ; Troops
reach, 79.

New York, Troops Leave, 78 ; Troops
March from, 79.

New Jersey, Requisition for Malitia on, 80.

Nichols, Colonel, 50, 64 ; Marshal Makes Ar-
rests, 48, 70.

Nitschman, David, 51.

Northampton, Opposition to Law in, 38.

Officers, Letters About, 95, 109.
P

Pardon, Recommendations for, 130 ; Proc-
lamation of, 135 ; Cabinet Divided on, 136;
Proclamation of, 136.

Patriot, Boston, 138.

Penrose, DanieL 31 ; Penrose, David, 93.

Pennsylvania, i, 4, 5 ; The Slate of 99 ; The
Governor of 73 ; The State of, 75.

Peters, Judge, Deposition Sent to, 46 ; Ex-
amine Witnesses, 46, 46.

Peters, Judge, 54. 69, 72 ; John Fries Ex-
amined Before, 98 ; Called as Witness, 120.

Pheister, George L., 22.

Philadelphia, 7, 18 ; The Marshal Leaves to
Serve Subpoenas, 48, 59, 62, 64, 65, 72, 73 ;
The Troops Leave, 8i, 81 ; Prisoners in
Jail at, 113.

Pickering, Timothy, 71 : Tlie Views of, 133.

Politics, The Condition of, 36 ; The Influence
of, 109.

Porter, James M., Recollections of, 123.

Posse, The Marshal's, 63, 64, 65.

Pottery, Penrose's, 100.

President, The, 3, 4 ; He Issues a Procla-
mation, 69, 69.

Proclamation, "The President, 72, 73.

President, The and Cabinet, 4.

Pulaski, Count, 53.

Porter and Wharton, Captains, Search for
Fries, 93.

Quakertowu, 9, 13, 22, 23, 29, 30, 32 ; What

Took Place, 33, 93, 97 ; Army Encamped
at 100, 108 ; The Army Leaves, 108 ;
Quincj', Mr. Adams at, 131.

Rawle, William, 117.

Rawle and Sitgreaves, 118.

Rebellion, Fries, 2, 13 ; The a National Af-
fair, 73, 75 : Fries, a Factor at Jefferson's
Election, 137 ; Great Men at Bottom of, 138.
Cost of, 140 : Shays', i ; Shays', 73.

Revolution, The, i, 53.

Reed, Collinson, 5.

Railroad, The North Pennsylvania, 92.

Reading, 5 ; Troops March to, iii ; Troops
March from, 112 ; Outrage at, 112.

Ritter, Martin, 55.

River, Lehigh, 57, 61.

Road, Ridge, 81 ; The Old Bethlehem, 91, 97,

Roberts, Israel, 17, 20, 21, 71, 121.

Roberts, Daniel, 68.

Rodrock, John, 6, 16, 17, 22, 28, 31 33.

Rodrock and Foulke, 32.

Rodman, Lieutenant, W. M., 78.

Roberts, Enoch, 35.

Roths, Christian, 59, 61.

Rocks, The, 100.

Savannah, 53.

Sacket, Alfred, 18.

Schmy.ser Michael, 5.

Schaeffer, George, 44, 49.

Schymer, John, 44

Schlaiigh, Philip, 59, 65.

Schlichter, Andrew, The Farm of, 92.

Schneider, Jacob, 112.

Sellersville, 13 : The Present, 92.

Schneider, Jacob, 113.

Sentinel, Bull Shot by, iii

Shawnese, 52.

Shankwyler, 49, 50, 72,60.

Shays' Daniel, i.

Shoemaker, Captain, 79.

Shewell, Nathaniel, 107.

Shiflfert, Andrew, 35.

Sims, Captain, 77, 78.

Singmaster, 18, 29, 30, 77.

Sitgreaves, U. S. Attorney, 42 ; U. S. Dis-
trict Attorney, Draws up Form of Warrant,
46 : 126, 139.

Smith, Peter, 29.

Snyder, Mr., 48, 39.

Spangenberg, Bishop, 32.

Spring House, Headquarters at, 82.

Store, Rufe's, 18.

Staeler, Captain, 62

Stephen, Adam, 31, 72.

Spinnerstown, 17 ; 9.

Sumneytown, 98.

Swartz, Daniel.

Tax, Direct, Passed, 3 : On What Laid, 83 ;

Rates of, 84 ; Law, Unpopularity of, 37.
Tavern, Rodrock's, 18.

Tavern, Jacob Fries', 27, 23, 26, 27, 29, 123.
Tavern, Enoch, Roberts, 29, 31.
Tavern, Sellers', 30 ; Troops March from, 99,

91.
Tavern, Mitchell's, 27, 68, 71.
The Spring House. 91.
Tavern, Gennes, 33.
Tavern, Gary's, 15.
Tavern, Ritter's, 37, 60.
Tavern, Conrad Marks', 62.
Taylor, Captain, 77.

THE FRIES REBELLION.

Tavern, The Sun, 58, 60, 62.

Tanyard, Lester's, 97.

Terror, System of, 102, 103.

Trenton, Troops Reach, 79.

Trail, Judg-e, 42.

Treasury, Secretary of, 4, s, 21.

Thomas William. 23.

Thomas, Samuel, 97.

Thomas, Edward, 97.

Trexlertown, Meeting at, 45 ; Captain Jar-

rett's Company at, 45.
Trumbower, Chased by Soldiers, 94.
Trumbauersville, 17, 22, 23, 26.
Townsliip, Milford, 8, 7, 6, 12, 12, 14, 16, »5,

29. 32, 67, 71.
Township, Rockhill, 12, 13, 92.
Township, Tinicum, 18.
Township Richland, 6, 6, 97.
Township, Hatfield, 8.
Township, Plurastead, 6.
Township, Plainfield, 12, 13.
Township, Bushkill, 13.
Township, Weisenburg, 40.
Township, Lynn, 40.
Township, Lehigh, 59 ; Twelve Arrested in,

48.
Township, Hamilton, 40, 41.
Township, Upper Milford, 40 ; Meeting in,

43-
Township, Chestnut Hill, 39.
Township, Moore, 40.

Township, Penn, 40.

Township, Low Hill, 40.

Township, Heidelburg, 40.

Troops, American, 53.

Troops, Regular, Ordered Out, 78.

Troops March, 80; Instructions for, 80;
March for Quakertown, 99 ; March from
Sellers' Tavern, 100 ; Alarmed, 106 ; Ex-
cesses Committed by, 109 ; Their Presence
Inspires Terror, 100.

United States, The, 26, 69, 70, 60, 71 ; The
Laws of the, 61, 75, 82 ; The Seal of the
71 ; Interest of the, 74 : The Officers of the,
69 : The President of the, 70, 73, 82.

Valley, Wyoming, 52.
VanBuskirk, 49.
Verdict Rendered, 125.
Virginia, 3, 21.

Washington, 2, 3, 10; Mistaken Policy of,

13 ; 53-

Wells, Isaiah, 123.

Whigs and Tories, 103.

Wheeler, Israel, ?.

Whiskey, 11.

Witnesses Called, 121.

Wiedner, Daniel, 26.

Wiedner, 27.

Winters, Cfiristopher, 59.

Williams, Lieutenant, John, 80.

Whitemarsh, 8, 10, 142.

Wolcott, Oliver, 138 ; Favors Execution, 134.

Woolstencraft, Lieutenant, 79. „«,a-

Wood, Mr., 138 ; Fries' Observation to, 134.

Wyker, Reuben L.. 18.

Wyker, George, 18.

Wyker, Nicholas, 18.

Zellers,3o, 30.
Zeigler, George I., 25, 26.
Zantzenger, Paul 5.
Zinzendorf, Count, 52, 53.

AD 1.4 6

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